Semi-orthogonal matrix


In linear algebra, a semi-orthogonal matrix is a non-square matrix with real entries where: if the number of columns exceeds the number of rows, then the rows are orthonormal vectors; but if the number of rows exceeds the number of columns, then the columns are orthonormal vectors.
Equivalently, a non-square matrix A is semi-orthogonal if either
In the following, consider the case where A is an m × n matrix for m > n.
Then
which implies the isometry property
For example,
is a semi-orthogonal matrix.
A semi-orthogonal matrix A is semi-unitary and either left-invertible or right-invertible. As a linear transformation applied from the left, a semi-orthogonal matrix with more rows than columns preserves the dot product of vectors, and therefore acts as an isometry of Euclidean space, such as a rotation or reflection.