Serial digital interface


Serial digital interface is a family of digital video interfaces first standardized by SMPTE in 1989. For example, ITU-R BT.656 and SMPTE 259M define digital video interfaces used for broadcast-grade video. A related standard, known as high-definition serial digital interface, is standardized in SMPTE 292M; this provides a nominal data rate of 1.485 Gbit/s.
Additional SDI standards have been introduced to support increasing video resolutions, frame rates, stereoscopic video, and color depth. Dual link HD-SDI consists of a pair of SMPTE 292M links, standardized by SMPTE 372M in 1998; this provides a nominal 2.970 Gbit/s interface used in applications that require greater fidelity and resolution than standard HDTV can provide. 3G-SDI consists of a single 2.970 Gbit/s serial link that allows replacing dual link HD-SDI. 6G-SDI and 12G-SDI standards were published on March 19, 2015.
These standards are used for transmission of uncompressed, unencrypted digital video signals within television facilities; they can also be used for packetized data. Coaxial variants of the specification range in length but are typically less than. Fiber optic variants of the specification such as 297M allow for long-distance transmission limited only by maximum fiber length or repeaters. SDI and HD-SDI are usually available only in professional video equipment because various licensing agreements restrict the use of unencrypted digital interfaces, such as SDI, prohibiting their use in consumer equipment. Several professional video and HD-video capable DSLR cameras and all uncompressed video capable consumer cameras use the HDMI interface, often called clean HDMI. There are various mod kits for existing DVD players and other devices, which allow a user to add a serial digital interface to these devices.

Electrical interface

The various serial digital interface standards all use coaxial cables with BNC connectors, with a nominal impedance of 75 ohms. This is the same type of cable used in analog video setups, which potentially makes for easier upgrades. The specified signal amplitude at the source is 800 mV peak-to-peak; far lower voltages may be measured at the receiver owing to attenuation. Using equalization at the receiver, it is possible to send 270 Mbit/s SDI over without use of repeaters, but shorter lengths are preferred. The HD bitrates have a shorter maximum run length, typically.
Uncompressed digital component signals are transmitted. Data is encoded in NRZI format, and a linear feedback shift register is used to scramble the data to reduce the likelihood that long strings of zeroes or ones will be present on the interface. The interface is self-synchronizing and self-clocking. Framing is done by detection of a special synchronization pattern, which appears on the serial digital signal to be a sequence of ten ones followed by twenty zeroes ; this bit pattern is not legal anywhere else within the data payload.

Standards

Bit rates

Several bit rates are used in serial digital video signal:
SMPTE 297-2006 defines an optical fiber system for transmitting bit-serial digital signals It is intended for transmitting SMPTE ST 259 signals, SMPTE ST 344 signals, SMPTE ST 292-1/-2 signals and SMPTE ST 424 signals. In addition to optical specification, ST 297 also mandates laser safety testing and that all optical interfaces are labelled to indicate safety compliance, application and interoperability.
An 8-bit parallel digital interface is defined by ITU-R Rec. 601; this is obsolete.

Data format

In SD and ED applications, the serial data format is defined to 10 bits wide, whereas in HD applications, it is 20 bits wide, divided into two parallel 10-bit datastreams. The SD datastream is arranged like this:
whereas the HD datastreams are arranged like this:
; Y: Y Y' Y Y' Y Y' Y Y'
; C: Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr
For all serial digital interfaces, the native color encoding is YCbCr format. The luminance channel is encoded at full bandwidth, and the two chrominance channels are subsampled horizontally, and encoded at half bandwidth. The Y, Cr, and Cb samples are co-sited, and the Y' sample is acquired at the time halfway between two adjacent Y samples.
In the above, Y refers to luminance samples, and C to chrominance samples. Cr and Cb further refer to the red and blue "color difference" channels; see Component Video for more information. This section only discusses the native color encoding of SDI; other color encodings are possible by treating the interface as a generic 10-bit data channel. The use of other colorimetry encodings, and the conversion to and from RGB colorspace, is discussed [|below].
Video payload may use any 10-bit word in the range 4 to 1,019 inclusive; the values 0–3 and 1,020–1,023 are reserved and may not appear anywhere in the payload. These reserved words have two purposes; they are used both for [|Synchronization packets] and for [|Ancillary data] headers.

Synchronization packets

A synchronization packet occurs immediately before the first active sample on every line, and immediately after the last active sample. The synchronization packet consists of four 10-bit words, the first three words are always the same—0x3FF, 0, 0; the fourth consists of 3 flag bits, along with an error correcting code. As a result, there are 8 different synchronization packets possible.
In the HD-SDI and dual link interfaces, synchronization packets must occur simultaneously in both the Y and C datastreams.. In SD-SDI and enhanced definition interfaces, there is only one datastream, and thus only one synchronization packet at a time. Other than the issue of how many packets appear, their format is the same in all versions of the serial-digital interface.
The flags bits found in the fourth word are known as H, F, and V. The H bit indicates the start of horizontal blank; and synchronization bits immediately preceding the horizontal blanking region must have H set to one. Such packets are commonly referred to as End of Active Video, or EAV packets. Likewise, the packet appearing immediately before the start of the active video has H set to 0; this is the Start of Active Video or SAV packet.
Likewise, the V bit is used to indicate the start of the vertical blanking region; an EAV packet with V=1 indicates the following line is part of the vertical interval, an EAV packet with V=0 indicates the following line is part of the active picture.
The F bit is used in interlaced and segmented-frame formats to indicate whether the line comes from the first or second field. In progressive scan formats, the F bit is always set to zero.

Line counter and CRC

In the high definition serial digital interface, additional check words are provided to increase the robustness of the interface. In these formats, the four samples immediately following the EAV packets contain a cyclic redundancy check field, and a line count indicator. The CRC field provides a CRC of the preceding line, and can be used to detect bit errors in the interface. The line count field indicates the line number of the current line.
The CRC and line counts are not provided in the SD and ED interfaces. Instead, a special ancillary data packet known as an EDH packet may be optionally used to provide a CRC check on the data.

Line and sample numbering

Each sample within a given datastream is assigned a unique line and sample number. In all formats, the first sample immediately following the SAV packet is assigned sample number 0; the next sample is sample 1; all the way up to the XYZ word in the following SAV packet. In SD interfaces, where there is only one datastream, the 0th sample is a Cb sample; the 1st sample a Y sample, the 2nd sample a Cr sample, and the third sample is the Y' sample; the pattern repeats from there. In HD interfaces, each datastream has its own sample numbering—so the 0th sample of the Y datastream is the Y sample, the next sample the Y' sample, etc. Likewise, the first sample in the C datastream is Cb, followed by Cr, followed by Cb again.
Lines are numbered sequentially, starting from 1, up to the number of lines per frame of the indicated format. Determination of line 1 is somewhat arbitrary; however it is unambiguously specified by the relevant standards. In 525-line systems, the first line of vertical blank is line 1, whereas in other interlaced systems, the first line after the F bit transitions to zero is line 1.
Note that lines are deemed to start at EAV, whereas sample zero is the sample following SAV. This produces the somewhat confusing result that the first sample in a given line of 1080i video is sample number 1920, and the line ends at the following sample 1919. Note that this behavior differs somewhat from analog video interfaces, where the line transition is deemed to occur at the sync pulse, which occurs roughly halfway through the horizontal blanking region.

Link numbering

Link numbering is only an issue in multi-link interfaces. The first link, is assigned a link number of 1, subsequent links are assigned increasing link numbers; so the second link in a dual-link system is link 2. The link number of a given interface is indicated by a VPID packet located in the vertical ancillary data space.
Note that the data layout in dual link is designed so that the primary link can be fed into a single-link interface, and still produce usable video. The secondary link generally contains things like additional LSBs, non-cosited samples in 4:4:4 sampled video, and alpha or data channels. If the second link of a 1080P dual link configuration is absent, the first link still contains a valid 1080i signal.
In the case of 1080p60, 59.94, or 50 Hz video over a dual link; each link contains a valid 1080i signal at the same field rate. The first link contains the 1st, 3rd, and 5th lines of odd fields and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc. lines of even fields, and the second link contains the even lines on the odd fields, and the odd lines on the even fields. When the two links are combined, the result is a progressive-scan picture at the higher frame rate.

Ancillary data

Like SMPTE 259M, SMPTE 292M supports the SMPTE 291M standard for ancillary data. Ancillary data is provided as a standardized transport for non-video payload within a serial digital signal; it is used for things such as embedded audio, closed captions, timecode, and other sorts of metadata. Ancillary data is indicated by a 3-word packet consisting of 0, 3FF, 3FF, followed by a two-word identification code, a data count word, the actual payload, and a one-word checksum. Other than in their use in the header, the codes prohibited to video payload are also prohibited to ancillary data payload.
Specific applications of ancillary data include embedded audio, EDH, VPID and SDTI.
In dual link applications; ancillary data is mostly found on the primary link; the secondary link is to be used for ancillary data only if there is no room on the primary link. One exception to this rule is the VPID packet; both links must have a valid VPID packet present.

Embedded audio

Both the HD and SD serial interfaces provide for 16 channels of embedded audio. The two interfaces use different audio encapsulation methods — SD uses the SMPTE 272M standard, whereas HD uses the SMPTE 299M standard. In either case, an SDI signal may contain up to sixteen audio channels embedded 48 kHz, 24-bit audio channels along with the video. Typically, 48 kHz, 24-bit PCM audio is stored, in a manner directly compatible with the AES3 digital audio interface. These are placed in the blanking periods, when the SDI signal carries nothing useful, since the receiver generates its own blanking signals from the TRS.
In dual-link applications, 32 channels of audio are available, as each link may carry 16 channels.
SMPTE ST 299-2:2010 extends the 3G SDI interface to be able to transmit 32 audio channels on a single link.

EDH

As the standard definition interface carries no checksum, CRC, or other data integrity check, an EDH packet may be optionally placed in the vertical interval of the video signal. This packet includes CRC values for both the active picture, and the entire field ; equipment can compute their own CRC and compare it with the received CRC in order to detect errors.
EDH is typically only used with the standard definition interface; the presence of CRC words in the HD interface make EDH packets unnecessary.

VPID

VPID packets are increasingly used to describe the video format. In early versions of the serial digital interface, it was always possible to uniquely determine the video format by counting the number of lines and samples between H and V transitions in the TRS. With the introduction of dual link interfaces, and segmented-frame standards, this is no longer possible; thus the VPID standard provides a way to uniquely and unambiguously identify the format of the video payload.

Video payload and blanking

The active portion of the video signal is defined to be those samples which follow an SAV packet, and precede the next EAV packet; where the corresponding EAV and SAV packets have the V bit set to zero. It is in the active portion that the actual image information is stored.

Color encoding

Several color encodings are possible in the serial digital interface. The default is 10-bit linearly sampled video data encoded as 4:2:2 YCbCr.. Samples of video are stored as described above. Data words correspond to signal levels of the respective video components, as follows:
Note that the scaling of the luma and chroma channels is not identical. The minimum and maximum of these ranges represent the preferred signal limits, though the video payload may venture outside these ranges. In addition, the corresponding analog signal may have excursions further outside of this range.

Colorimetry

As YPbPr are both derived from the RGB colorspace, a means of converting is required. There are three colorimetries typically used with digital video:
The dual-link and 3 Gbit/s interfaces additionally support other color encodings besides 4:2:2 YCbCr, namely:
If an RGB encoding is used, the three primaries are all encoded in the same fashion as the Y channel; a value of 64 corresponds to 0 mV, and 940 corresponds to 700 mV.
12-bit applications are scaled in a similar fashion to their 10-bit counterparts; the additional two bits are considered to be LSBs.

Vertical and horizontal blanking regions

For portions of the vertical and horizontal blanking regions which are not used for ancillary data, it is recommended that the luma samples be assigned the code word 64, and the chroma samples be assigned 512 ; both of which correspond to 0 mV. It is permissible to encode analog vertical interval information without breaking the interface, but such usage is nonstandard. Conversion of analog sync and burst signals into digital, however, is not recommended—and neither is necessary in the digital interface.
Different picture formats have different requirements for digital blanking, for example all so called 1080 line HD formats have 1080 active lines, but 1125 total lines, with the remainder being vertical blanking.

Supported video formats

The various versions of the serial digital interface support numerous video formats.
In addition to the regular serial digital interface described here, there are several other similar interfaces which are similar to, or are contained within, a serial digital interface.

SDTI

There is an expanded specification called SDTI, which allows compressed video streams to be transported over an SDI line. This allows for multiple video streams in one cable or faster-than-realtime video transmission. A related standard, known as HD-SDTI, provides similar capability over an SMPTE 292M interface.
The SDTI interface is specified by SMPTE 305M. The HD-SDTI interface is specified by SMPTE 348M.

ASI

The asynchronous serial interface specification describes how to transport a MPEG Transport Stream, containing multiple MPEG video streams, over 75-ohm copper coaxial cable or multimode optical fiber.
ASI is popular way to transport broadcast programs from the studio to the final transmission equipment before it reaches viewers sitting at home.
The ASI standard is part of the Digital Video Broadcast standard.

SMPTE 349M

The standard SMPTE 349M: Transport of Alternate Source Image Formats through SMPTE 292M, specifies a means to encapsulate non-standard and lower-bitrate video formats within an HD-SDI interface. This standard allows, for example, several independent standard definition video signals to be multiplexed onto an HD-SDI interface, and transmitted down one wire. This standard doesn't merely adjust EAV and SAV timing to meet the requirements of the lower-bitrate formats; instead, it provides a means by which an entire SDI format can be encapsulated and transmitted as ordinary data payload within a 292M stream.

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

The HDMI interface is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed/uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant device to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. It is mainly used in the consumer area, but increasingly used in professional devices including uncompressed video, often called clean HDMI.

G.703

The G.703 standard is another high-speed digital interface, originally designed for telephony.

HDcctv

The HDcctv standard embodies the adaptation of SDI for video surveillance applications.

CoaXPress

The CoaXPress standard is another high-speed digital interface, originally design for industrial camera interfaces. The data rates for CoaXPress go up to 12.5 Gbit/s over a single coaxial cable. A 41 Mbit/s uplink channel and power over coax are also included in the standard.

Standards