Seyferth–Gilbert homologation


The Seyferth–Gilbert homologation is a chemical reaction of an aryl ketone 1 with dimethyl phosphonate 2 and potassium tert-butoxide to give substituted alkynes 3. Dimethyl phosphonate 2 is often called the Seyferth–Gilbert reagent.
This reaction is called a homologation because the product has exactly one additional carbon more than the starting material.

Reaction mechanism

Deprotonation of the Seyferth–Gilbert reagent A gives an anion B, which reacts with the ketone to form the oxaphosphetane D. Elimination of dimethylphosphate E gives the vinyl diazo-intermediate Fa and Fb. The generation of nitrogen gas gives a vinyl carbene G, which via a 1,2-migration forms the desired alkyne H.

Bestmann modification

Dimethyl phosphonate can be generated in situ from dimethyl-1-diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate by reaction with methanol and potassium carbonate. Reaction of Bestmann's reagent with aldehydes gives terminal alkynes often in very high yield.
The use of the milder potassium carbonate makes this procedure much more compatible with a wide variety of functional groups.

Improved ''in situ'' generation of the Ohira-Bestmann reagent

Recently a safer and more scalable approach has been developed for the synthesis of alkynes from aldehydes. This protocol takes advantage of a stable sulfonyl azide, rather than tosyl azide, for the in situ generation of the Ohira−Bestmann reagent.

Other modifications

Another modification for less reactive aldehydes is made by replacement of potassium carbonate with caesium carbonate in MeOH and results in a drastic yield increase.