In 1953, five months before his death, Brahmananda Saraswati, the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math, made a hand written will naming his disciple, Swami Shantanand Saraswati, as his successor. Shantanand assumed the Shankarcharya-ship but his authority was later disputed by several of Brahmananda's disciples and followers who did not feel that Shantanand met the requirements described in the Mahanusasana texts. Shantananda Saraswati became a devotee of Brahmananda Saraswati at an early age. He wanted to become a monk but Brahmananda Saraswati instructed him to marry. Due to this Shantanand lived the life of a householder, worked as a bookbinder, and supported a wife and child for fourteen years. Upon his wife's death he once more sought, and was granted, permission from Brahmananda Saraswati to become a monk. Shantananda was the first Shankaracharya to have lived as a householder for part of his life. This break in tradition caused controversy and dissent among other disciples of Brahmananda. Shantananda Saraswati received Western visitors from a number of organisations making his teaching available to many around the world. In the 1960s Dr Francis Roles of The Study Society, and Leon MacLaren of the School of Economic Science, went to India and became followers of Swami Shantananda Saraswati; from this point on the teachings of both organisations became predominantly based on Advanta Vedanta. He was also the guru to the School of Meditation in Holland Park, London. For more than thirty years he passed on his teaching to the West. Before he died he wrote a letter to students in the West saying: "You have all that is needed to carry on, you need only to put what has been given into practice". Meanwhile, relevant organizations concerned with reviving the Jyotir Math convened and proposed Swami Krishnabodha Asrama as the Shankaracharya despite Shantanand's claim and occupation of the Jyotir Math Shankaracharya-ship. However, Asrama died in 1973, and he nominated his disciple Swaroopananda Saraswati, a prior disciple of Brahmananda, as his successor. But because Shantananda still occupied the Jyotir Math ashram built by Brahmananda, Swaroopananda took residence in a nearby building or ashram instead. Sri Shantananda Saraswati's teachings are widely studied in the West due to the guidance he provided the Study Society and the School of Economic Science, which both offer courses, teachings, lectures, and publications on the philosophy of non-duality. They were also responsible for the promulgation of a particular type of meditation, sometimes known as "transcendental meditation". During his tenure, Shantanand was "supportive" of another Brahamananda disciple Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and "often appeared with him in public". In 1961 he appeared at one of the Maharishi's training courses in Rishikesh and addressed the trainees, describing the meditation method as "the master key to the knowledge of Vedanta": "There are other keys, but a master key is enough to open all the locks". In 1963 Sri Shantanand gave his support to the Marharishi's "All Indian Campaign". Finally, in 1980, Shantananda relinquished the Shankarcharya position to Dandi Swami Vishnudevananda, who held the position until his death in 1989. Shantanand, in his capacity as senior Shankaracharya, then appointed Swami Vasudevananda Saraswati to the role. Shantananda himself died in 1997.
Teachings
Shantananda Saraswati taught that people should develop their spiritual life while fully engaged in worldly responsibilities, encouraging them to act to uplift their families, professions, communities, and to manifest the harmony, beauty, and efficiency of their spiritual practices in their everyday life. Sri Shantananda Saraswati has referred to love as "the natural in-between", a state of being that can always be availed because it lies within us all.
