Named after Skuterudåsen, a hill in Modum, Norway, skutterudite is a cobaltarsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with a general formula: CoAs3. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2-3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is a hydrothermalore mineral found in moderate to high temperature veins with other Ni-Co minerals. Associated minerals are arsenopyrite, native silver, erythrite, annabergite, nickeline, cobaltite, silver sulfosalts, native bismuth, calcite, siderite, barite and quartz. It is mined as an ore of cobalt and nickel with a by-product of arsenic. The crystal structure of this mineral has been found to have important technological uses for several compounds isostructural with the mineral. The mineral has a bright metallic luster, and is tin white or light steel gray in color with a black streak. The specific gravity is 6.5 and the hardness is 5.5–6. Its crystal structure is isometric with cube and octahedron forms similar to that of pyrite. The arsenic content gives a garlic odor when heated or crushed. It was discovered in Skuterud Mines, Modum, Buskerud, Norway, in 1845. Smaltite is a synonym for the mineral. Notable occurrences include Cobalt, Ontario, Skuterud, Norway, and Franklin, New Jersey in the United States. The rare arsenide minerals are classified in Dana's sulfidemineral group, even though it contains no sulfur.
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of the skutterudite mineral was determined in 1928 by Oftedahl to be cubic, belonging to space group Im-3. The unit cell can be considered to consist of eight smaller cubes made up of the Co atoms. Six of these cubes are filled with square planar rings of As, each of which is oriented parallel to one of the unit cell edges. The As atoms then form octahedra with Co in the center. In crystallographic terms, the Co atoms occupy the 8csites, while the As atoms occupy the 24g sites. The position of the Co atoms within the unit cell is fixed, while the positions of the As atoms are determined by the parameters x and y. It has been shown that for the As-rings to be fully square, these parameters must satisfy the Oftedahl relation x + y = 1/2. Any deviation from this relation yields a rectangularconfiguration of the As atoms; indeed, this is the case for all known compounds with this structure, and the As atoms do not form a perfect octahedra. Together with the unit cell size and the assigned space group, the aforementioned parameters fully describe the crystal structure of the material which is often referred to as the skutterudite structure.
