Social change involves alteration of the social order of a society. It may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations.
Definition
Social change may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by evolutionary means. It may refer to a paradigmatic change in the socio-economic structure, for instance the transition from feudalism to capitalism, or hypothetical future transition to some form of post-capitalism. Social Development refers to how people develop social and emotional skills across the lifespan, with particular attention to childhood and adolescence. Healthy social development allows us to form positive relationships with family, friends, teachers, and other people in our lives. Accordingly, it may also refer to social revolution, such as the Socialist revolution presented in Marxism, or to other social movements, such as Women's suffrage or the Civil rights movement. Social change may be driven through cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces.
Prominent theories
Change comes from two sources. One source is random or unique factors such as climate, weather, or the presence of specific groups of people. Another source is systematic factors. For example, successful development has the same general requirements, such as a stable and flexible government, enough free and available resources, and a diverse social organization of society. On the whole, social change is usually a combination of systematic factors along with some random or unique factors. There are many theories of social change. Generally, a theory of change should include elements such as structural aspects of change, processes and mechanisms of social change, and directions of change.
Hegelian: The classic Hegelian dialectic model of change is based on the interaction of opposing forces. Starting from a point of momentary stasis, Thesis countered by Antithesis first yields conflict, then it subsequently results in a new Synthesis.
Marxist: Marxism presents a dialectical and materialist concept of history; Humankind's history is a fundamental "struggle between social classes".
Heraclitan: The Greek philosopher Heraclitus used the metaphor of a river to speak of change thus, "On those stepping into rivers staying the same other and other waters flow". What Heraclitus seems to be suggesting here, later interpretations notwithstanding, is that, in order for the river to remain the river, change must constantly be taking place. Thus one may think of the Heraclitan model as parallel to that of a living organism, which, in order to remain alive, must constantly be changing. A contemporary application of this approach is shown in the social change theory SEED-SCALE which builds off of the complexity theory subfield of Emergence.
Daoist: The Chinese philosophical work Dao De Jing, I.8 and II.78 uses the metaphor of water as the ideal agent of change. Water, although soft and yielding, will eventually wear away stone. Change in this model is to be natural, harmonious and steady, albeit imperceptible.
Four Levels of Action: Will Grant of the Pachamama Alliance describes "Four Levels of Action" for change:
Individual
Friends and family
Community and institutions
Economy and policy
Grant suggests that individuals can have the largest personal impact by focusing on levels 2 and 3.
Oppositional Cultural Practice Theory: The primary purpose is to understand an individual's voluntary acts, often in the face of violent resistance, to seek social changes that fulfill the demands for highly functioning social institutions and structures. The theory is also used in legal discourse as a theory of how the law can reflect human motivational needs. The theory reformulates self-transcendence peak experience in three ways:
An individual understands reality from the positional identity of someone who is at the same time independent with agency, and yet also at the same time as someone indivisible from everyone else, and that this is a true experience of reality;
The reduction of bias in decision-making and actions with others is valued, critique and criticism of prior decisions are made, prosocial values and human psyche development are sought, and feedback and improvements are valued; and
Regardless of what the human brain may perceive as pairs of opposites, there is in fact a singularity supporting or validating unitive values that can be perceived behind the duality.
According to the theory, individuals who seek to live a life in this manner create peak experiences that can lead to self-transcendence and social transformation.
Current examples
Global demographic shifts
One of the most obvious changes currently occurring is the change in the relative global population distribution between countries. In recent decades, developing countries have become a larger proportion of the world population, increasing from 68% in 1950 to 82% in 2010, and the population of the developed countries has declined from 32% of the total world population in 1950 to 18% in 2010. China and India continue to be the largest countries, followed by the US as a distant third. However, population growth throughout the world is slowing. Population growth among developed countries has been slowing since the 1950s and is now at 0.3% annual growth. Population growth among the less developed countries excluding the least developed ones has also been slowing since 1960 and is now at 1.3% annually. Population growth among the least developed countries has slowed relatively little and is the highest at 2.7% annual growth.
Gendered patterns of work and care
In much of the developed world, changes from distinct men's work and women's work to more gender equal patterns have been economically important since the mid-20th century. Both men and women are considered to be great contributors to social change worldwide.
