Sommerfeld parameter
The Sommerfeld parameter, named after Arnold Sommerfeld, is a dimensionless quantity used in nuclear astrophysics in the calculation of reaction rates between two nuclei and also appears in the definition of the astrophysical S-factor. It is defined as
where is the elementary charge, and are the atomic numbers of two interacting nuclides, is the magnitude of the relative incident velocity in the center-of-mass frame, is the unitless fine-structure constant, is the speed of light, and is the reduced mass of the two nuclides of interest.
One of its best-known applications is in the exponent of the Gamow factor ,
which is the probability of an s-wave nuclide to penetrate the Coulomb barrier, according to the WKB approximation. This factor is particularly helpful in characterizing the nuclear contribution to low-energy nucleon-scattering cross-sections - namely, through the astrophysical S-factor.
One of the first articles in which the Sommerfeld parameter appeared was published in 1967.
