Soon after arriving in Italy, Coulibaly signed for Junior Camp Arezzo Football Academy, one of the best academies in Tuscany. He played in the Allievi Regionali team and after a few months President Umberto Zerbini suggested his name to Siena. In 2010–11 he played 10 games for the Siena under-19s, scoring once.
On 18 July 2011, Tottenham Hotspur confirmed they had signed Coulibaly beating off the advances of a host of leading European clubs including Real Madrid and Manchester United following his golden boot-winning performance at the FIFA Under-17 World Cup. He scored for the Tottenham Hotspur XI on his debut against Brighton and Hove Albion in Algarve. He scored twice in a 7–1 win for Spurs youth over Inter Milan in their second group game of the NextGen Tournament on 31 August 2011. He also opened the scoring in their third group game away at PSV Eindhoven, where they won 2–1. On 22 December 2011, Coulibaly scored an injury-time winner against Stevenage in the FA Youth Cup, followed by a goal in a 2–1 victory over Cardiff City in the fourth round on 11 January 2012. He made his first team debut as a 65th-minute substitute in a pre-season friendly against Stevenage on 18 July 2012 and netted the winner.
Coulibaly was revealed as a Peterborough United player after his trial at the club on 20 July 2015 along with Andrew Fox and Kieran Sadlier. He started in five games for Peterborough, came on nine times as a substitute, and scored a total of eight goals. On 24 March 2016, he joined Newport County on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season. He made his Newport debut on 2 April 2016, starting in a win 1–0 defeat versus Yeovil Town. He scored his first goal for the club on 23 April 2016 against Luton Town.
After leaving Peterborough United it was confirmed in June 2016 that Coulibaly had signed for Scottish Premiership side Kilmarnock. He scored on his debut as Kilmarnock beat Clyde 2–1 in the League Cup. Coulibaly scored 11 goals in 26 appearances for Kilmarnock.
After being in talks with two clubs based in Cairo, Egypt, Al Ahly and Zamalek, Coulibaly chose to sign with reigning champions Al Ahly on a three and a half year contract on 24 January 2017. A transfer fee of £800,000 was paid to Kilmarnock. On 25 May 2017, Coulibaly left Egypt and returned to the UK without telling anyone. On 4 June 2017, Coulibaly posted on Twitter, saying that he had felt oppressed at Al Ahly and had left Egypt because he did not feel safe. After the tweet other African players that played for Al Ahly said that they felt safe and happy, such as Flávio Amado who said "what Coulibaly said made him laugh". Al-Ahly submitted a complaint to FIFA after Coulibaly left the club and requested compensation. On 25 April 2018, a FIFA commission found against Coulibaly, ruling that a fine of $1,436,000 be awarded to Al Ahly.
In August 2018, Coulibaly joined Scottish Championship side Partick Thistle on a deal that is subject to international clearance. The Egyptian Football Association rejected a request for clearance, but FIFA granted a temporary certificate instead in early October. He was released by Partick Thistle in May 2019.
In May 2019 he signed for Tunisian club Étoile Sportive du Sahel.
International career
Souleymane Coulibaly began his international career with Ivory Coast national under-17 football team at the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup where he scored nine goals in four matches: one goal against Australia, a poker against Denmark, and a hat-trick in a draw against Brazil. Coulibaly also scored a goal in a 2–3 loss to Francein the Round of 16. He held the competition record for most goals scored in one tournament along with French striker Florent Sinama Pongolle, who did it in six matches rather than Coulibaly's four. He scored nine of his side's ten goals overall, which meant that he scored every 40 minutes of match time, or slightly more than once per half played. The record has since been broken by Nigerian striker Victor Osimhen, who scored 10 goals in 7 games at the 2015 World Cup. As a result of his performances, Coulibaly was linked in the media to moves to Manchester United and Real Madrid, before finally moving to Tottenham. He has been labelled the "New Drogba" by the media, in reference to fellow Ivorian footballer Didier Drogba.
