K-222, Soviet designation Project 661 Anchar, was the Soviet Navy's nuclear-poweredcruise missile submarine and the only submarine of the design. It was the world's fastest submarine. Originally named K-162, it was renamed K-222 in 1978. The submarine is best known in the West by its NATO reporting namePapa class.
Design
The project was intentionally forced to be highly innovative by discouraging the reuse of prior technical solutions. While enforcing innovation, this also slowed development. Project 661 began in 1959, with design task assigned to OKB-16, one of the two predecessors of the famous Malachite Central Design Bureau, which would eventually become one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with Rubin Design Bureau and Lazurit Central Design Bureau. K-222 was designed as an extremely fast attack submarine, and was the first submarine built with a titanium hull. She was armed with 10 SS-N-7 Starbright missiles in individual tubes forward of the sail, between the inner and outer hulls, which were both of titanium alloy. Similar in design to the, K-222 was designed to intercept and attack aircraft carrier groups. Like the Charlie class and the later, her cruise missiles could only be reloaded in port, making its one of the Soviet Navy's "one shot" boats. K-222 had two light-water reactors, designed to be as compact as possible. Unusually, there were no diesel generators, battery being the only emergency power source. She is regarded as a predecessor to the and s, and may have tested technologies which were later used in those classes.
History
K-222 was laid down on 28 December 1963 and commissioned on 31 December 1969, at Severodvinsk. It was assigned to the Soviet Red Banner Northern Fleet for the duration of her career. It was the world's fastest submarine, reaching a record submerged speed of on trials. Its unofficial maximum speed, reached 30 March 1971, is. However, K-222s high speed came at the price of high costs during construction, and both excessive noise and significant damage to external hull features when used. Though officially named, within the Soviet Navy the boat was commonly referred to as the "Golden Fish", in reference to its cost of development and construction. On 30 September 1980, one of K-222s nuclear reactors was damaged during maintenance in the shipyard. By 1988, it was placed in reserve at the Belomorsk Naval Base in Severodvinsk. Beginning on 5 March 2010 the submarine was dismantled at Sevmash, the only facility capable of handling the titanium hull. In an unusual move, the scrapping was performed with the reactors and nuclear fuel still on board, as no provisions had been made in the design for the reactor's removal. The scrapping also began before the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development chose an international consultant for the fuel's unloading.
The sole Papa-class submarine is briefly featured as participating in Soviet anti-convoy operations in the Atlantic in Red Storm Rising by Tom Clancy, causing both surprise and frustration to the escorts' commanders.
