Soyuz 7K-LOK


The Soyuz 7K-LOK, or simply LOK was a Soviet crewed spacecraft designed to launch men from Earth to orbit the Moon, developed in parallel to the 7K-L1. The LOK would carry two cosmonauts, acting as a mother ship for the LK Lander which would land one crew member to the surface. It was part of the N1-L3 programme which also included the LK lander and the N1 rocket.

Design

Like the 7K-OK model, the 7K-LOK was divided into three sections, an ellipsoid Orbital Module, the "headlight"-shaped Descent Module, and a cylindrical equipment module. Like the 7K-OK, the 7K-LOK was capable of physically docking with another spacecraft, but lacked the transfer tunnel used on the Apollo, thus forcing the cosmonaut to make a spacewalk from the 7K-LOK's orbital module to the LK Lander using the new Krechet space suit.
Another change to the 7K-LOK was the elimination of the solar panels used on the 7K-OK, replacing them with fuel cells similar to those found on the Apollo CSM. Another feature, a "cupola" located on the Orbital Module, allowed the cosmonaut in the 7K-LOK to perform the docking procedure with the LK Lander after lunar liftoff. Only the Descent Module from the 7K-L1, with a thicker, reinforced heatshield, is used on the 7K-LOK and like the 7K-L1, is capable of doing a "skip reentry" so that the Soyuz could be recovered in the Soviet Union.
The information display systems on the LOK were different from those of the Soyuz-7K.
The Descent Module was equipped with the "Uran" control panel and the Orbital Module featured the "Orion" approach control panel.

Flights

Only three uncrewed 7K-LOKs were flown in the short lifespan of the failed Soviet lunar program.
The joint Russian/ESA ACTS missions to the Moon were planned as a response to NASA's Project Constellation and would have seen the use of a Soyuz spacecraft in a similar role as the 7K-LOK, but with the current Soyuz TMA hardware. However, nothing came of these plans.