Mass in C major, K. 220 "Sparrow"


The Sparrow Mass is a mass in C major K. 220/196b, Mass No. 9, Missa brevis No. 5, composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1775 or 1776 in Salzburg. The mass is sometimes termed a missa brevis et solemnis, because it is short in a simple structure as a missa brevis, but festively scored like a missa solemnis with brass and timpani in addition to four soloists, strings and organ. It was possibly first performed on 7 April 1776 in a mass for Easter at the Salzburg Cathedral. The nickname is derived from violin figures in the Hosanna which resemble bird chirping.

Background

The mass may have been performed on 7 April 1776 during a celebration of Easter at the Salzburg Cathedral. According to a letter by Mozart, a copy was possibly loaned to the Heiligenkreuz Monastery the following year. The mass got the nickname Spatzenmesse on account of "the violin figures in the Hosanna" of the Sanctus, repeated after the Benedictus, which "recall the chirping of birds."
The Sparrow Mass'' is one of a series of five masses Mozart composed in 1775–1776, all of them with clarini trumpets, and so in the "trumpet key" of C major. Karl Geiringer notes that K. 220 was one of the models Franz Xaver Süssmayr used when completing Mozart's Requiem.

Structure and scoring

The composition is short in duration as a missa brevis. Mozart does not even include the fugal conclusions to the Gloria and the Credo normally expected. It is richly orchestrated as a missa solemnis, for four soloists, a four-part choir, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, strings and organ, the latter supplying figured bass for most of the duration. The mass is therefore sometimes termed a missa brevis et solemnis.
The setting of the Latin Order of Mass is structured in six movements. In the following table of the movements, the voices, markings, keys and time signatures are taken from the choral score.
No.PartIncipitVocalMarkingKeyTime
1KyrieKyrieSATBAllegroC major
2GloriaGloriaSATB + soloistsAllegroC major3/4
3CredoCredoSATB + soloistsAllegroC major
3CredoEt incarnatus estSATBAndanteC major
3CredoEt resurrexitSATBAllegroC major
4SanctusSanctusSATBAndanteC major3/4
4SanctusPleni sunt coeliSATBAllegroC major
4SanctusOsannaSATBAllegroC major
5BenedictusBenedictussoloistsAndanteG major
5BenedictusOsannaSATBAllegroC major
6Agnus DeiAgnus DeiSATB + soloistsAdagioC major3/4
6Agnus DeiDona nobis pacemSATBAllegroC major

Following the example of Joseph Haydn and Michael Haydn, Mozart in this mass recalls the music of the Kyrie in the Dona nobis, something which Franz Xaver Süssmayr did in his completion of Mozart's Requiem. The Requiem contains an almost literal quotation from this mass in the Requiem aeternam.