Spirograph


Spirograph is a geometric drawing device that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The well known toy version was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.
The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched worldwide in 2013, with its original product configurations, by Kahootz Toys.

History

In 1827, Greek-born English architect and engineer Peter Hubert Desvignes developed and advertised a "Speiragraph", a device to create elaborate spiral drawings. A man named J. Jopling soon claimed to have previously invented similar methods. When working in Vienna between 1845 and 1848, Desvignes constructed a version of the machine that would help prevent banknote forgeries, as any of the nearly endless variations of roulette patterns that it could produce were extremely difficult to reverse engineer. The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented a new Spirograph device between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves.
Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog. An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913.
The definitive Spirograph toy was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher between 1962 and 1964 by creating drawing machines with Meccano pieces. Fisher exhibited his spirograph at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner, Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy. Kenner later introduced Spirotot, Magnetic Spirograph, Spiroman, and various refill sets.
In 2013 the Spirograph brand was re-launched worldwide, with the original gears and wheels, by Kahootz Toys. The modern products use removable putty in place of pins to hold the stationary pieces in place. The Spirograph was a 2014 Toy of the Year finalist in two categories, over 45 years after the toy was named Toy of the Year in 1967.

Operation

The original US-released Spirograph consisted of two differently sized plastic rings, with gear teeth on both the inside and outside of their circumferences. Once either of these rings were held in place any of several provided gearwheels —each having holes for a ballpoint pen—could be spun around the ring to draw geometric shapes. Later, the Super-Spirograph introduced additional shapes such as rings, triangles, and straight bars. All edges of each piece have teeth to engage any other piece; smaller gears fit inside the larger rings, but they also can rotate along the rings' outside edge or even around each other. Gears can be combined in many different arrangements. Sets often included variously colored pens, which could enhance a design by switching colors, as seen in the examples shown here.
Beginners often slip the gears, especially when using the holes near the edge of the larger wheels, resulting in broken or irregular lines. Experienced users may learn to move several pieces in relation to each other.

Mathematical basis

Consider a fixed outer circle of radius centered at the origin. A smaller inner circle of radius is rolling inside and is continuously tangent to it. will be assumed never to slip on . Now assume that a point lying somewhere inside is located a distance from 's center. This point corresponds to the pen-hole in the inner disk of a real Spirograph. Without loss of generality it can be assumed that at the initial moment the point was on the axis. In order to find the trajectory created by a Spirograph, follow point as the inner circle is set in motion.
Now mark two points on and on. The point always indicates the location where the two circles are tangent. Point, however, will travel on, and its initial location coincides with. After setting in motion counterclockwise around, has a clockwise rotation with respect to its center. The distance that point traverses on is the same as that traversed by the tangent point on, due to the absence of slipping.
Now define the new system of coordinates with its origin at the center of and its axes parallel to and. Let the parameter be the angle by which the tangent point rotates on, and be the angle by which rotates in the relative system of coordinates. Because there is no slipping, the distances traveled by and along their respective circles must be the same, therefore
or equivalently,
It is common to assume that a counterclockwise motion corresponds to a positive change of angle and a clockwise one to a negative change of angle. A minus sign in the above formula accommodates this convention.
Let be the coordinates of the center of in the absolute system of coordinates. Then represents the radius of the trajectory of the center of, which undergoes circular motion thus:
As defined above, is the angle of rotation in the new relative system. Because point obeys the usual law of circular motion, its coordinates in the new relative coordinate system are
In order to obtain the trajectory of in the absolute system of coordinates, add these two motions:
where is defined above.
Now, use the relation between and as derived above to obtain equations describing the trajectory of point in terms of a single parameter :
.
It is convenient to represent the equation above in terms of the radius of and dimensionless
parameters describing the structure of the Spirograph. Namely, let
and
The parameter represents how far the point is located from the center of. At the same time, represents how big the inner circle is with respect to the outer one.
It is now observed that
and therefore the trajectory equations take the form
Parameter is a scaling parameter and does not affect the structure of the Spirograph. Different values of would yield similar Spirograph drawings.
The two extreme cases and result in degenerate trajectories of the Spirograph. In the first extreme case, when, we have a simple circle of radius, corresponding to the case where has been shrunk into a point..
The other extreme case corresponds to the inner circle 's radius matching the radius of the outer circle, i.e.. In this case the trajectory is a single point. Intuitively, is too large to roll inside the same-sized without slipping.
If, then the point is on the circumference of. In this case the trajectories are called hypocycloids and the equations above reduce to those for a hypocycloid.