In nonstandard analysis, the standard part function is a function from the limited hyperreal numbers to the real numbers. Briefly, the standard part function "rounds off" a finite hyperreal to the nearest real. It associates to every such hyperreal, the unique real infinitely close to it, i.e. is infinitesimal. As such, it is a mathematical implementation of the historical concept of adequality introduced by Pierre de Fermat, as well as Leibniz's Transcendental law of homogeneity. The standard part function was first defined by Abraham Robinson who used the notation for the standard part of a hyperreal . This concept plays a key role in defining the concepts of the calculus, such as continuity, the derivative, and the integral, in nonstandard analysis. The latter theory is a rigorous formalisation of calculations with infinitesimals. The standard part of x is sometimes referred to as its shadow.
Definition
Nonstandard analysis deals primarily with the pair, where the hyperreals are an ordered field extension of the reals, and contain infinitesimals, in addition to the reals. In the hyperreal line every real number has a collection of numbers of hyperreals infinitely close to it. The standard part function associates to a hyperreal x, the unique standard real number x0 which is infinitely close to it. The relationship is expressed symbolically by writing The standard part of any infinitesimal is 0. Thus if N is an infinite hypernatural, then 1/N is infinitesimal, and st = 0. If a hyperreal is represented by a Cauchy sequence in the ultrapower construction, then More generally, each finite defines a Dedekind cut on the subset and the corresponding real number is the standard part of u.
Not internal
The standard part function "st" is not defined by an internal set. There are several ways of explaining this. Perhaps the simplest is that its domain L, which is the collection of limited hyperreals, is not an internal set. Namely, since L is bounded, L would have to have a least upper bound if L were internal, but L doesn't have a least upper bound. Alternatively, the range of "st" is which is not internal; in fact every internal set in which is a subset of is necessarily finite, see.
Applications
All the traditional notions of calculus are expressed in terms of the standard part function, as follows.
Derivative
The standard part function is used to define the derivative of a functionf. If f is a real function, and h is infinitesimal, and if f′ exists, then Alternatively, if, one takes an infinitesimal increment, and computes the corresponding. One forms the ratio. The derivative is then defined as the standard part of the ratio:
Integral
Given a function on, one defines the integral as the standard part of an infinite Riemann sum when the value of is taken to be infinitesimal, exploiting a hyperfinite partition of the interval .
Limit
Given a sequence, its limit is defined by where is an infinite index. Here the limit is said to exist if the standard part is the same regardless of the infinite index chosen.
