State funerals in Canada
State funerals in Canada are public events held to commemorate former governors general, prime ministers, members of the Cabinet who died in office, and, at the Cabinet's discretion, other eminent Canadians. With ceremonial, military, and religious elements incorporated, state funerals are offered and executed by the Governor General-in-Council, who provides a dignified manner for the Canadian people to mourn a national public figure. Provincial and territorial governments may also perform state funerals for citizens in their particular jurisdictions; however, most state funerals are federal affairs.
Process
State funerals are not required by any law and the family of the deceased may opt not to have such an event take place. Should the family agree to a state funeral, the Department of Canadian Heritage will work in close consultation with them, as well as other government departments and elements of the private sector, the degree of involvement depending on the size and complexity of the event. Similarly, the timeline varies on a case by case basis, most lasting between five and six days, during which the national flag is flown at half-mast on the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill in Ottawa and at other federal Crown-owned installations across the country.of Sir John A. Macdonald carrying his remains on 10 June 1891 from Ottawa to Kingston, Ontario
A formal statement issued by the Governor General-in-Council is typically broadcast by the media to notify the general public of an upcoming state funeral, while the DCH issues invitations according to the Order of Precedence, with foreign heads of state and government included. Meanwhile, in the days leading up to the funeral, the body is transported from the place of death to Ottawa, whereupon the casket is met by a guard of honour—drawn from the Governor General's Foot Guards for a former governor general and from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for a former prime minister and other ministers or honoured individuals—and escorted by it to the Centre Block of the parliament buildings. There, the remains lie in state for a period of two days, with four members of the accordant guard of honour maintaining a constant vigil; for the remains of governors general, this takes place in the Senate chamber, in the Hall of Honour for those of prime ministers, and in other rooms for other individuals. On both days, designated hours are set for public viewing. The coffin is then escorted from the Centre Block to a waiting hearse as a gun salute is fired; 21 guns for a governor general, 19 guns for a prime minister, and 15 guns for others. The casket is then either transported to another location in the country for further memorials or to the place of burial.
State funeral memorial services are typically held in churches. The choice of host church is dependent on the religious faith of the deceased. However, since 1968, all state funerals held in Ottawa have included a service at the Anglican Church of Canada's Christ Church Cathedral; its five state funerals are the most of any venue. Three other churches have hosted two state funerals: All Saints Anglican Church, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica, and St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, all in Ottawa. The state funeral of Jack Layton, held in 2011 at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto, is the only Canadian state funeral to have been held outside of a church.
Similar to a state funeral is a commemoration ceremony, which is a religious or memorial service to mark the passing of an individual from a family that did not wish a state funeral or did not reside in Canada. For instance, a commemoration ceremony was held in Ottawa in 2002 for the death of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother and in 2013 for Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa; nevertheless, these commemorations may be classified as state funerals by the Canadian government.
Not all who lie in state at parliament, nor all for whom flags are flown at half-mast, receive a state funeral. The exception was made for the funeral of Retired Sergeant Ernest Smith, the last living Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross from the Second World War.
History
The first state funeral in Canada was held for Thomas D'Arcy McGee after his assassination in April 1868. The first Governor General of Canada to receive a state funeral was Lord Tweedsmuir in 1940, who died in office. Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister was also the first to receive a state funeral. Jack Layton was the first Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition who was not also a former prime minister to be honoured with a state funeral; after lying in state in the foyer of the House of Commons, the funeral service took place at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto.List of state funerals in Canada
| State position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Venue | Sources |
| Cabinet minister | Thomas D'Arcy McGee | 1868 | Ottawa, Ontario | St. Patrick's Bascilica | |
| Prime minister | John A. Macdonald | 1891 | Ottawa, Ontario | St. Alban's Anglican Church | |
| Prime minister | Alexander Mackenzie | 1892 | Toronto, Ontario | Jarvis Street Baptist Church | |
| Prime minister | John Abbott | 1893 | Montreal, Quebec | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| Prime minister | John Sparrow David Thompson | 1895 | Halifax, Nova Scotia | St. Mary's Basilica | |
| Prime minister | Charles Tupper | 1915 | Halifax, Nova Scotia | St. Paul's Anglican Church | |
| Prime minister | Mackenzie Bowell | 1917 | Belleville, Ontario | Bridge Street Methodist Church | |
| Prime minister | Wilfrid Laurier | 1919 | Ottawa, Ontario | Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica | |
| Cabinet minister | James Robb | 1929 | Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec | Valleyfield United Church | |
| Cabinet minister | George Eulas Foster | 1932 | Ottawa, Ontario | Chalmers United Church | |
| Prime minister | Robert Borden | 1937 | Ottawa, Ontario | All Saints Anglican Church | |
| Cabinet minister | George Halsey Perley | 1938 | Ottawa, Ontario | All Saints Anglican Church | |
| Governor general | The Lord Tweedsmuir | 1940 | Ottawa, Ontario | St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church | |
| Cabinet minister | Ernest Lapointe | 1941 | Quebec City, Quebec | Saint-Roch Church | |
| Cabinet minister | Raoul Dandurand | 1942 | Montreal, Quebec | :fr:Église Saint-Viateur d'Outremont|Église Saint-Viateur d'Outremont | |
| Prime minister | William Lyon Mackenzie King | 1950 | Ottawa, Ontario | St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church | |
| Cabinet minister | Humphrey Mitchell | 1950 | Ottawa, Ontario | St. Barnabas, Apostle and Martyr Anglican Church | |
| Cabinet minister | Alcide Côté | 1955 | Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec | Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste | |
| Prime minister | Arthur Meighen | 1960 | Toronto, Ontario | St. Andrew's United Church | |
| Cabinet minister | Jack Garland | 1964 | North Bay, Ontario | St. Andrew's United Church | |
| Governor general | Georges Vanier | 1967 | Ottawa, Ontario | Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica | |
| Governor general | Vincent Massey | 1968 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| Prime minister | Lester B. Pearson | 1972 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| Prime minister | Louis St. Laurent | 1973 | Quebec City, Quebec | Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral | |
| Prime minister | John Diefenbaker | 1979 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| Governor general | Jules Léger | 1980 | Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec | Basilique-Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile | |
| Cabinet minister | Daniel J. MacDonald | 1980 | Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island | St. Dunstan's Basilica | |
| Governor general | Roland Michener | 1991 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| Governor general | Jeanne Sauvé | 1993 | Montreal, Quebec | Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral | |
| Prime minister | Pierre Trudeau | 2000 | Montreal, Quebec | Notre-Dame Basilica | |
| Governor general | Ray Hnatyshyn | 2002 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| Governor general | Roméo LeBlanc | 2009 | Memramcook, New Brunswick | Saint-Thomas de Memramcook Church | |
| Leader of the Opposition | Jack Layton | 2011 | Toronto, Ontario | Roy Thomson Hall | |
| Cabinet minister | Jim Flaherty | 2014 | Toronto, Ontario | St. James Cathedral |
- According to some sources Alexander Mackenzie did not have a state funeral.
- McGee, Foster, Perley, and Flaherty were not sitting cabinet ministers at the times of their deaths.
- Sidney Smith, External Affairs Minister, qualified for a state funeral in 1959, but did not receive one.
- A state funeral was offered for assassinated Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte in 1970 but his widow declined.
- A state funeral was offered for Chief Justice Bora Laskin by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau but his family declined.
| State position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
| Queen consort | Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother | 2002 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
| President of South Africa | Nelson Mandela | 2013 | Ottawa, Ontario | Parkdale United Church |
List of provincial state funerals in Canada
Alberta
Newfoundland and Labrador
Ontario
Quebec
State funerals in Quebec are reserved for former premiers. "National" funerals may be held for other distinguished Quebecers. Unlike state funerals, these are only partially subsidized by the government.| State position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
| Premier | Maurice Duplessis | 1959 | Trois-Rivières | De l'Assomption Cathedral | |
| Premier | Daniel Johnson Sr. | 1968 | Quebec City | Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec | |
| Premier | Jean Lesage | 1980 | Quebec City | Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec | |
| Premier | René Lévesque | 1987 | Quebec City | Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec | |
| Premier | Robert Bourassa | 1996 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal | |
| Premier | Jacques Parizeau | 2015 | Montreal | Église Saint-Germain | |
| Premier | Bernard Landry | 2018 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal |
National funerals
| Occupation | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
| Athlete | Maurice Richard | 2000 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal | |
| Union leader | Louis Laberge | 2002 | Montreal | Basilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde | |
| Athlete | Jean Béliveau | 2014 | Montréal | Basilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde | |
| Music producer and agent | René Angélil | 2016 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal |