Strengleikar is a collection of twenty-one Old Norseprose tales based on the Old FrenchLais of Marie de France. It is one of the literary works commissioned by King Haakon IV of Norway for the Norwegian court, and is counted among the Old Norse Chivalric sagas. The collection is anonymous. It has been attributed to Brother Robert, a cleric who adapted several French works into Norse under Haakon, the best known of which is Tristrams saga ok Ísöndar, but there is also reason to think that the collection may be a gathering of the work of several different translators. Unlike many medieval translations, the Strengleikar are generally extremely close in sense to the Old French originals; the text which differs most is Milun, which is abridged to half its original length.
Lais and their sources
The Strengleikar comprise:
Forræða 'prologue'
Bisclaretz ljóð
Chetovel
Desire
Douns ljóð
Eskja
Equitan
Geitarlauf
Grelent
Guiamars ljóð
Guruns ljóð
Januals ljóð
Jonet
Laustik
Leikara ljóð
Milun
Naboreis
Ricar hinn gamli
Strandar ljóð
Tidorel
Tveggja elskanda ljóð
Tveggia elskanda strengleikr
Marie's laiEliduc is not found in Scandinavian manuscripts but the motif of a character learning about healing plants by observing weasels appears not only there but in the Icelandic Völsunga saga, which seems to indicate that Eliduc was known in Iceland in some form. Bisclaretz ljóð, circulating in Iceland, was much adapted, becoming Tiódels saga. This has not traditionally been counted among the Strengleikar, however.
Manuscripts
The principal manuscripts are:
De la Gardie, 4-7, f. 17va-43vb. The principal manuscript in which the collection has been preserved, dating from 1250×1270.
AM 666 b 4o, ff. 1r-4v. 4 leaves, originally part of De la Gardie 4-7.
Lbs 840 4o, f. 292r-299v. Date: 1737.
Other manuscripts include:
Arnamagnaean Institute, Reykjavík: AM 391, fol. ; AM 948c, 4°.
Royal Library, Copenhagen: NKS 1832, 4°, fragment
Royal Library, Stockholm: Papp. 4:o nr 34, excerpts
Editions and translations
Diplomatic transcription of De la Gardie available at the .
Cook, Robert and Mattias Tveitane. Strengleikar. An Old Norse translation of twenty-one Old French lais.. Norsk Historisk Kjeldeskrift-Institutt, Norrøne tekster 3. Oslo: Grieg, 1979.. Edition and English translation.
En Samling af romantiske Fortællinger efter bretoniske Folkesange, oversat fra fransk paa norsk ved Midten af trettende Aarhundrede efter Foranstaltning af Kong Haakon Haakonssön. Christiania: Feilberg og Landmark, 1850.
Tveitane, Mattias. Elis saga, Strengleikar and other Texts. Selskapet til utgivelse av gamle norske håndskrifter, Quatro serie 4. Oslo, 1972. Facsimile edition of MSS De la Gardie and AM 666.
, oversat fra oldnorsk af H. Winter Hjelm. Kristiania: Feilberg og Landmark, 1850.
Rytter, Henrik. Strengleikar eller songbok. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget, 1962. Norwegian translation.
Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir, Strengleikar, Íslensk rit, 14. Popular Icelandic edition.