How the Sugar Industry Paved The Way for the 'Mauritian Miracle' "Scholars increasingly agree that the ‘Mauritian Miracle’ was enabled by the country's significant level of state capacity." Since independence, the so-called "Mauritian Miracle” and the “success of Africa” was partially based in state reforms since 1825 when sugar factory owners within the Sugar industry of Mauritius pressured colonial officials to:-
Regulate and better control the island's labor supply
Improve the country's transportation infrastructure
These efforts collectively assisted the island's initial growth as a monoculture-based economy but also laid the pillars of multiethnic social stability that anchored and then powered the country's successful economic diversification after independence.
Historical Background
Dutch Occupation (1638-1710)
The first agricultural plant of economic importance to be introduced to Mauritius was sugar cane. From 1639 it was used on an artisanal basis by Dutch settlers primarily to produce an alcoholic beverage called arrack. Arrack is made of molasses, which is produced as a by-product when making sugar. The first organized sugar mill on the island appears to have been that of the Wilhems brothers at the center of the island, under Governor Issac Johannes Lamotius. Under Governor Roelof Deodati, the production of sugar was successfully extended with the arrival of a surgeon, Jean Boekelberg on board the ship Standvastighied. Boekelberg had studied the sugar industry in Surinam and successfully used his knowledge within this fledgling industry. The Dutch abandoned Mauritius on 17 February 1710.
French Occupation (1710-1810)
was the first French Governor to make a long-lasting impact on Mauritius and is considered by some as the real founder of Mauritius as a French colony. He encouraged the growth of sugar cane and created the infrastructure necessary for its extension throughout the colony. He imported the necessary new technology to make the industry more efficient. During his governorship, the first modern sugar mills for the era were commissioned. These were the Rosalie-Villebague mill in Pamplemousse in 1745 and the mill at Grande Riviere Sud Est in Ferney.
British Occupation (1810-1968)
, with Robert Townsend Farquhar as the first governor, brought about rapid social and economic changes. One of the most important was the abolition of slavery on 1 February 1835. The planters received a compensation of two million pounds sterling for the loss of their slaves, who had been imported from Africa and Madagascar during the French occupation. The number of Mauritius Sugar Mills grew, as did their efficiency with the introduction of new technology, as competition became fierce. This led to the consolidation of the entire industry after 1860 when the number of operating mills decreased from 296 units to 30 in 1947. Source: Mauritius Blue Book, L'Almanach de Maurice Between 1812 and 1949, Mauritius Sugar Mills production increased from 467 tons to over 400.000 tons per annum despite cyclones and the accidental introduction, in 1850, of the Chilo sacchariphagus sacchariphagus from Java which devastated the sugar cane crop. 31 species of parasitoids were imported to combat the Chilo sacchariphagus sacchariphagus. Only two became established Source: Mauritius Blue Book, L'Almanach de Maurice Mauritius is situated in what has been called 'Cyclone Alley' and these sometimes played a determining part in the annual production of sugar. Of note and on record were:
Cyclone Alix. Cyclone Alix struck in February 1960. The island suffered winds of 160 km/h to 200 km/h for 20 hours.
Cyclone Carol. The eye of Carol passed directly over Mauritius and it is assumed to be the most powerful cyclone ever recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean with wind gusts of 160 km/h to 256 km/h. It made 300,000 people homeless and destroyed 40% of the Mauritian main economy which, at that time, was the sugar cane crop. 42 deaths were recorded
Cyclone Jenny On 27 February 1962, the cyclone passed 30 km off the north coast of Mauritius with a maximum wind speed of 235 km/h, causing 14 deaths, injuring hundreds and leaving 8,000 homeless. Considerable damage was caused to the North of the island.
From 1951, Sugar was exported and sold under the Commonwealth Sugar Agreement. In 1953, The Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, was founded "to promote by means of research and investigation the technical progress of the sugar industry".
Independence - 1968
In the 60's there were 25 operating sugar mills. As from 1975, sugar was exported and traded under the Sugar Protocol signed between the EU and the ACP countries where Mauritius had an annual quota of 507,000 tonnes of raw sugar at a guaranteed price. The quota allocated to Mauritius was the largest amongst ACP countries and represented about 35 per cent of the total allocation.
1990: 19 sugar mills were in production.
1996: 17 sugar mills were in production.
2003: 11 sugar mills were in production.
The EU Sugar Protocol ended in 2009. The price of sugar fell by 36 percent between 2006 and 2010. In May 1997, the government produced a plan to rationalise the sugar sector by centralising production around fewer mills and offering an accompanying package to employees and planters.
