Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
The Supreme Patriarch of Thailand or Sangharaja is the head of the order of Buddhist monks in Thailand. His full title is Somdet Phra Saṅgharāja Sakalamahāsaṅghapariṇāyaka.
Ancient history
As early as the Sukhothai period, there were city-dwelling and forest-dwelling orders, and there was more than one Supreme Patriarch appointed. In modern times, however, only one position is responsible for all fraternities and orders. From 1992 to 2016, the Supreme Patriarch was chosen from the most senior member of the Supreme Sangha Council and officially endorsed by the King. the Supreme Patriarch was formally appointed by the King of Thailand and co-signed by the Prime Minister, with consultation of the Sangha Supreme Council, an administrative body of the Thai Sangha. The Supreme Patriarch has legal authority to oversee both of Thailand's Theravada fraternities, the Maha Nikaya and the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, as well as the small minority of Mahayana Buddhists in the country. He is also the President of the Sangha Supreme Council.Developments since the 2000s
There has been recent discussion about reforming the Thai Sangha's leadership structure, including a 2002 proposal which would have moved many of the Sangha Council's and the Supreme Patriarch's powers to a new executive council. However, in 2015, it seemed the junta was not pushing for new Sangha legislation after all, after the proposals led to many organized protests and heated debate.The Supreme Patriarch was Somdet Phra Nyanasamvara Suvaddhana, who had served in this position since 1989. After suffering from increasingly serious health problems, died on 24 October 2013, aged a hundred years. In 2003, because of questions about the Supreme Patriarch's ability to fulfill his duties, the government of Thailand had appointed a special committee to act in his stead. In early 2004, Somdet Kiaw Upaseṇo was appointed acting Supreme Patriarch, an office that he held until his death in 2013.
After the death of Somdet Kiaw, Somdet Chuang Varapuñño of Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen became the next acting Supreme Patriarch. Despite a nomination from the Supreme Sangha Council, his official appointment as Supreme Patriarch was stalled due a refusal of the Thai secular government to forward his nomination to the King. In December 2016, the junta passed an amendment to the Sangha Act changing the rules for appointment of the Supreme Patriarch to bypass the Supreme Sangha Council and allow the King of Thailand to appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly, with the Thai Prime Minister countersigning. While proponents considered the amendment a good way for politicians to solve the problems the Sangha had not been able to solve, opponents described the amendment as "sneaky". Chao Khun Prasarn Candasaro, vice-rector of the Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University and assistant-abbot of Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit, stated the amendment showed a grave lack of respect for the Sangha Council's authority, because the council had not been involved in the amendment at all. He argued that the Monastic Act had always given the final decision to the King anyway, and pointed out that all conflicts about the appointment were caused by the junta's National Reform Council, not by the Sangha itself. Finally, on 7 February 2017, Somdet Amborn Ambaro was appointed by King Rama X to serve as the next Supreme Patriarch out of five names given to him by Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-Cha. The appointment ceremony was held on 12 February at Wat Phra Kaew, Grand Palace.
List of Supreme Patriarchs
| No. | Portrait | Name | Birth name | Dharma name | Tenure from | Tenure until | Order | Temple |
| 1 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsanana I ' | Sri | unknown | 1782/83 2325 BE | 1794/75 2337 BE | Wat Rakhangkhositaram | ||
| 2 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsanana II ' | Suk | unknown | 1794/75 2337 BE | 1816/87 2359 BE | Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit | ||
| 3 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsanana III ' | Mee | unknown | 1816/87 2359 BE | 1819/20 2362 BE | Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit | ||
| 4 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsanana IV ' | Suk | unknown | 1820/21 2363 BE | 1822/23 2365 BE | Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit | ||
| 5 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsanana V ' | Don | unknown | 1822/23 2365 BE | 1842/43 2385 BE | Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit | ||
| 6 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsanana VI ' | Nag | unknown | 1843/44 2386 BE | 1849/50 2392 BE | Wat Ratchaburana | ||
| 7 | Somdet Phra Maha Samana Chao Kromma Phra Paramanuchitchinorot ' | Prince Vasugri | Suvaṇṇaraṃsi | 1851/52 2394 BE | 1853/54 2396 BE | Wat Phra Chetuphon Vimolmangklararm | ||
| 8 | Somdet Phra Maha Samana Chao Kromma Phraya Pavares Variyalongkorn ' | Prince Rurk | Paññāaggo | 1853/54 2396 BE | 1892/93 2435 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Bowonniwet Vihara | |
| 9 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana II ' | Sa | Pussadevo | 1893/94 2436 BE | 1899/1900 2442 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Ratchapradit Sathit Mahasimaram | |
| 10 | Somdet Phra Maha Samana Chao Kromma Phraya Vajirananavarorasa ' | Prince Manusyanagamanob | Manussanāgo | 1910/11 2453 BE | 1921/22 2464 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Bowonniwet Vihara | |
| 11 | Phrachao Worawong Thoe Kromma Luang Jinavorn Sirivaddhana Somdet Phra Sangharaja Chao ' | Prince Bhujong Jombunud | Sirivaḍḍhano | 1921/22 2464 BE | 1937/38 2480 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Ratchabophit Sathit Maha Simaram | |
| 12 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana III ' | Phae Phongpala | Tissadevo | 1938/39 2481 BE | 1944 2487 BE | Maha Nikaya | Wat Suthat Thepphaararam | |
| 13 | Somdet Phra Sangharaja Chao Kromma Luang Vajirananavongs ' | Mom Rajavongse Chuen Navavongs | Sucitto | 1945 2488 BE | 1958 2501 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Bowonniwet Vihara | |
| 14 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana IV ' | Plod Ketuthat | Kittisobhaṇo | 1960 2503 BE | 1962 2505 BE | Maha Nikaya | Wat Benchamabophit Dusitvanaram | |
| 15 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana V ' | Yoo Changsopha | Ñāṇodayo | 1963 2506 BE | 1965 2508 BE | Maha Nikaya | Wat Saket | |
| 16 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana VI ' | Chuan Sirisom | Uṭṭhāyī | 1965 2508 BE | 1971 2514 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Makut Kasattriyaram | |
| 17 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana VII ' | Pun Sukcharoen | Puṇṇasiri | 1972 2515 BE | 1973 2516 BE | Maha Nikaya | Wat Phra Chetuphon Vimolmangklararm | |
| 18 | Somdet Phra Sangharaja Chao Kromma Luang Jinavajiralongkorn ' | Vasana Nilprapha | Vāsano | 1973 2516 BE | 1988 2531 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Ratchabophit Sathit Maha Simaram | |
| 19 | Somdet Phra Sangharaja Chao Kromma Luang Vajirañāṇasaṃvara ' | Charoen Khachawat | Suvaḍḍhano | 1989 2532 BE | 2013 2556 BE | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Bowonniwet Vihara | |
| 20 | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana IX ' | Amborn Prasatthaphong | Ambaro | 2017 2560 BE | Present | Dhammayuttika Nikaya | Wat Ratchabophit Sathit Maha Simaram |