Taipei Metro
Taipei Mass Rapid Transit, branded as Taipei Metro, is a metro system serving Taipei and New Taipei, Taiwan, operated by government owned Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation, which also operates Maokong Gondola.
Taipei Metro was the first metro system in Taiwan. The initial network was approved for construction in 1986 and work started two years later. The first line opened in 1996 and by 2000, 62 stations were in service on three main lines. Over the next nine years the number of passengers had increased by 70%. Since 2008, the network has expanded to 131 stations and the passenger count has grown by another 66%.
The system has often been praised for its safety, reliability and quality. It has become effective in relieving traffic congestion in Taipei, with over two million trips made daily. The system has also proven effective as a catalyst for urban renewal.
History
Proposal and construction
The idea of constructing the Taipei Metro was first put forth at a press conference on 28 June 1968, where the Minister of Transportation and Communications Sun Yun-suan announced his ministry's plans to begin researching the possibility of constructing a rapid transit network in the Taipei metropolitan area; however, the plan was shelved due to fiscal concerns and the belief that such a system was not urgently needed at the time. With the increase of traffic congestion accompanying economic growth in the 1970s, the need for a rapid transit system became more pressing. In February 1977, the Institute of Transportation of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications released a preliminary rapid transport system report, with the designs of five lines, including U1, U2, U3, S1, and S2, to form a rough sketch of the planned corridors, resulting in the first rapid transit system plan for Taipei.In 1981, the IOT invited British Mass Transit Consultants and China Engineering Consultants, Inc. to form a team and provide in-depth research on the preliminary report. In 1982, the Taipei City Government commissioned National Chiao Tung University to do a research and feasibility study on medium-capacity rapid transit systems. In January 1984, the university proposed an initial design for a medium-capacity rapid transit system in Taipei City, including plans for Wenhu line and Tamsui–Xinyi line of the medium-capacity metro system. On March 1, 1985, the Executive Yuan Council for Economic Planning and Development signed a treaty with the Taipei Transit Council, composed of three American consultant firms, to do overall research on a rapid transit system in metropolitan Taipei. Apart from adjustments made to the initial proposal, Wenhu line of the medium-capacity metro system was also included into the network. In 1986, the initial network design of the Taipei Metro by the CEPD was passed by the Executive Yuan, although the network corridors were not yet set. A budget of NT$441.7 billion was allocated for the project.
On 27 June 1986, the Preparatory Office of Rapid Transit Systems was created, which on 23 February 1987 was formally established as the Department of Rapid Transit Systems for the task of handling, planning, design, and construction of the system. Apart from preparing for the construction of the metro system, DORTS also made small changes to the metro corridor. The 6 lines proposed on the initial network were: Tamsui line and Xindian line, Zhonghe Line, Nangang Line and Banqiao Line, and Muzha line, totaling 79 stations and route length, including of elevated rail, at ground level, and underground. The Neihu Line corridor was approved later in 1990. On 27 June 1994, the Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation was formed to oversee the operation of the Taipei Metro system.
The Executive Yuan approved the initial network plan for the system on 27 May 1986. Ground was broken and construction began on 15 December 1988. The growing traffic problems of the time, compounded by road closures due to TRTS construction led to what became popularly known as the "dark age of Taipei traffic". The TRTS was the center of political controversy during its construction and shortly after the opening of its first line in 1996 due to incidents such as computer malfunction during a thunderstorm, alleged structural problems in some elevated segments, budget overruns, and fare prices.
Initial network
The system opened on 28 March 1996, with the elevated, a driverless, medium-capacity line with twelve stations running from to. The first high-capacity line, the, began service on 28 March 1997, running from to, then extended to at the end of the year. On 23 December 1998, the system passed the milestone of 100 million passengers.1999-2006 Expansions
On 24 December 1999, a section of the was opened between and. This section became the first east-west line running through the city, connecting the two previously completed north-south lines. On 31 May 2006, the second stage of the Banqiao–Nangang section and the Tucheng section began operation. The service was then named Bannan after the districts that it connects.Maokong Gondola
On 4 July 2007, the Maokong Gondola, a new aerial lift/cable-car system, was opened to the public. The system connects the,, and Maokong. Service was suspended on 1 October 2008 due to erosion from mudslides under a support pillar following Typhoon Jangmi. The gondola officially resumed service as of 31 March 2010, after relocation of the pillar and passing safety inspections.2009–2014 expansions
On 4 July 2009, with the opening of the Neihu section of, the last of the six core sections was completed. Due to controversy on whether to construct a medium-capacity or high-capacity line, construction of the line did not begin until 2002.was extended from to and in 2012. The Xinyi section of and Songshan section of were opened on 24 November 2013 and 15 November 2014 respectively.
Prior to 2014, only physical lines had official names; services did not. In 2008, the and Xiaonanmen services were referred to by termini while Bannan and Wenhu services were referred to by the physical lines on which they operated.
Following the completion of the core sections of the system in 2014, the naming scheme for services was set and 'lines' started to referred to services. Between 2014 and 2016, lines were given alternative number names based on the order of the dates the lines first opened. Brown, Red, Green, Orange and Blue lines were named lines 1 to 5 respectively. The planned Circular, Wanda–Shulin and Minsheng–Xizhi lines were to be lines 6 to 8 respectively. In 2016, the number names were replaced by colour names. Today, Chinese announcements use full names while English announcements use colour names.
2020 Expansion
On 31 January 2020, the Yellow line opened as the sixth main line of the Taipei Metro. Stage I construction consists of section running from on to on and is about long with 14 stations. Electromechanical equipment for the line is supplied by Hitachi Rail STS, including driverless technology and CBTC Radio signalling. In February 2020, free rides were offered to passengers in order to raise awareness and test the route's popularity.Timeline of services
Lines
The system is designed based on spoke-hub distribution paradigm, with most rail lines running radially outward from central Taipei. The MRT system operates daily from 06:00 to 00:00 the following day, with extended services during special events. Trains operate at intervals of 1:30 to 15 minutes depending on the line and time of day. Smoking is forbidden in the entire metro system, while eating, drinking, and chewing gum and betel nuts are forbidden within the paid area.Stations become extremely crowded during rush hours, especially at transfer stations such as,, and. Automated station announcements are recorded in Mandarin, English, Hokkien, and Hakka, with Japanese at busy stations.
| Icon | Full name | Announced name | Services | Peak headway | Off-peak headway, typical | Stations |
| Brown line | – | 2–4 | 4–10 | 24 | ||
| Red line | – | 6 | 8–10 | 28 | ||
| Red line | – | 3 | 4–5 | 28 | ||
| Red line | – | 7–8 | 10 | 28 | ||
| Green line | – | 4–6 | 6–8 | 20 | ||
| Green line | – | 3 | 4–6 | 20 | ||
| Green line | – | 12–20 | 12–20 | 20 | ||
| Orange line | – | 6 | 8–10 | 26 | ||
| Orange line | – | 6 | 8–10 | 26 | ||
| Blue line | – | 6 | 8–10 | 23 | ||
| Blue line | – | 3 | 4–5 | 23 | ||
| Yellow line | – | 4–7 | 5–10 | 14 |
Fares and tickets
Fares range between –65 per trip as of 2018. RFID single journey tokens and rechargeable IC cards are used to collect fares for day-to-day use. A 20% off discount was given to all IC card users. However, the discount for IC card users was cancelled at the start of February 2020. The discount program was switched to an intensity-based scheme. The more times passengers take the MRT, the higher the level of discount they could receive. For example, 10% discount is given for 11–20 rides; 20% discount is provided for 31–40 journeys; the highest discount is 30% off for more than 50 rides. The discount is considered a rebate, and is deposited to the user’s card starting the first of each Month from the previous month.Those with welfare cards issued by local governments could receive 60% off per ride. Children aged 6 or over pay adult fares. Other ticket types include passes, joint tickets with other services and tickets for groups and cyclists.Infrastructure
The Taipei Metro provides an obstacle-free environment within the entire system; all stations and trains are handicap accessible. Features include: handicap-capable restrooms, ramps and elevators for wheelchairs and strollers, tactile guide paths, extra-wide faregates, and trains with a designated wheelchair area.Beginning in September 2003, the English station names for Taipei Metro stations were converted to use Hanyu pinyin before the end of December, with brackets for Tongyong Pinyin names for signs shown at the station entrances and exits. However, after the conversion, many stations were reported to have multiple conflicting English station names caused by inconsistent conversions, even for stations built after enactment of the new naming policy. The information brochures printed in September 2004 still used Wade–Giles romanizations.
To accommodate increasing passenger numbers, all metro stations have replaced turnstiles with speedgates since 2007, and single journey magnetic cards have been replaced by RFID tokens.
TRTS provides free mobile phone connections in all stations, trains, and tunnels and also provides WiFi WLAN connections at several station hotspots. The world's first WiMAX-service metro trains were introduced on the in 2007, allowing passengers to access the internet and watch live broadcasts. Several stations are also equipped with mobile charging stations.
Platforms
Most stations on high-capacity lines have island platform configurations while a few have side platform configurations, and vice versa for medium-capacity lines. All high-capacity metro stations have a long platform to accommodate all six train cars on a typical metro train. The width of the platform and concourse depends on the volume of transit; the largest stations include,, and. Some other transfer stations, including,, and, also have wide platforms.Each station is equipped with LED displays and LCD TVs both in the concourse and on the platforms which display the time of arrival of the next train. At all stations, red lights on or above automatic platform gates at stations flash prior to a train arrival to alert passengers. As of September 2018, all stations have automatic platform gates.
However, before 2018, all the stations on the and, as well as at, are equipped with platform screen doors. High-traffic stations, including,, and, have platform gates to prevent passengers and other objects from falling onto the rails. All lines and extensions currently under construction will be equipped with platform screen doors. A Track Intrusion Detection System has also been installed to improve passenger safety at stations without platform doors. The system uses infrared and radio detectors to monitor unusual movement in the track area.
Signalling
When the Muzha Line first opened in 1996, the line was initially equipped with automatic train operation and automatic train control, which in turn comprised automatic train protection and automatic train supervision ; in particular the ATP relied on transmission coils and wayside control units whereas the ATO relied on dwell operation control units. The transmission coils are controlled by the Control Centre to ensure safety of the line and were positioned on the guideway. Among such coils included the PD loop, safety frequency loop, stopping program loop, vehicle station link and station vehicle link; these loops were cross-arranged to produce electromagnetic induction with the interval between two cross points being 0.3 seconds to both monitor the train and control its speed. However this fixed-block ATC system used on the Muzha Line was plagued with problems in its early years of operation and was replaced with the new moving-block Cityflo 650 CBTC that was supplied by Bombardier Transportation of Canada for the Neihu Line.On the other hand, the heavy-capacity lines use the traditional fixed block system design, which were initially supplied by General Railway Signal of Rochester, New York for the Tamsui Line, Xindian Line, Zhonghe Line, and Bannan Line and later, Alstom for the Tucheng Line, Xinzhuang Line, Luzhou Line, Songshan Line, and Xinyi Line. Key components of the system include impedance bond, 4-foot loops, marker coils, alignment antenna and two-aspect light signals for the wayside as well as automatic train supervision which utilises centralized traffic control.
The Circular Line uses CBTC Radio signalling from Ansaldo STS.
Public art
In the initial network, important stations such as transfer stations, terminal stations, and stations with heavy passenger flow were chosen for the installation of public art. The principles behind the locations of public art were visual focus and non-interference with passenger circulation and construction schedules. The artworks included murals, children's mosaic collages, sculptures, hung forms, spatial art, interactive art, and window displays. The selection methods included open competitions, invitational competitions, direct assignments, and cooperation with children.Stations with public art displays include:,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Stations with art galleries include,,, and.
The promotion for artwork continues today – the Department of Rapid Transit held a bid on providing public large scale artwork for the interiors of. The bid is placed at over million.
Other facilities
In addition to the rapid transit system itself, Taipei Metro operates several public facilities such as underground shopping malls, parks, and public squares in and around stations, including:- Zhongshan Metro Mall: – – .
- Taipei main station underground mall: on floor B1 of the station.
- Taipei New World Shopping Center: Between the metro and TRA sections of Taipei Station.
- Station front metro mall: West of Taipei main station, beneath Zhongxiao W Road.
- Taipei City Mall: Northwest of Taipei main station, beneath Zhengzhou Rd and Civic Blvd.
- East Metro Mall: Between and .
- Ximen Underground Mall: north of .
- Longshan Temple Underground Mall: north and south sides.
- Global Mall: floors B1 to 2F.
Transit
Transfers to city bus stations are available at all metro stations. In 2009, transfer volume between the metro and bus systems reached 444,100 transfers per day. Connections to Taiwan Railway Administration and Taiwan High Speed Rail trains are available at, and. Connections to Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station are available at and stations, respectively. The Maokong Gondola is accessible from.Taipei Songshan Airport is served by the station. A metro system to connect Taipei to Taoyuan International Airport is also available since February 2017.
Rolling stock
Rolling stocks on the Taipei Metro are multiple unit rolling stocks, using a third rail to provide electricity for propulsion. Each train is equipped with automatic train operation for a partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions.Medium-capacity trains
The medium-capacity trains of are gauge rubber-tired trains with no onboard train operators but are operated remotely by the medium-capacity system operation control center. It uses a fixed-block Automatic Train Control system. Each train consists of two 2-car Electric Multiple Unit sets, with a total of 4 cars. Each car is a closed end car where passengers cannot walk between cars unless the train stops and the doors are open.The was initially operated with VAL 256 trains cars, where two VAL 256 cars in the same set would share the same road number. As a result of this numbering scheme, the 102 cars of the VAL fleet have car numbers from 1 to 51. On June 2003, Bombardier was awarded a contract to supply the with 202 Innovia 256 train cars , to install the communications-based CITYFLO 650 moving-block ATC system to replace the fixed-block ATC system and also to retrofit the existing 102 VAL 256 cars with the CITYFLO 650 ATC system. Integration of Bombardier's trains with the existing proved to be difficult in the beginning, with multiple system malfunctions and failures during the first three months of operation. Retrofitting older trains also took longer than expected, as the older trains must undergo several hours of reliability tests during non-service hours. The VAL 256 trains resumed operations in December 2010.
The Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro is used on the, which entered service in the January 2020 with the opening of the first section of the. Each train consists of a 4-car EMU set and with open-gangway connection between cars. The train runs on gauge without onboard operators.
Heavy-capacity trains
The heavy-capacity trains have steel wheels and are operated by an on-board train operator. The trains are computer-controlled. The operator, who is both driver and conductor, is responsible for opening and closing the doors and making announcements. The ATC provides the functions of ATP, ATO and ATS and controls all train movements, including braking, acceleration and speed control, but can be manually overridden by the operator in the case of an emergency. Newer trains also use a :jp:TIMS|Train Supervision Information System supplied by Mitsubishi Electric that allows the operator to monitor the conditions of the train and identify any faults.Each train consists of two 3-car Electric Multiple Unit sets with a total of 6 cars. Each 3-car EMU set is permanently coupled as DM-T-M, where DM is the motor car with full-width cab, T is a trailer car and M is the motor car without cab. Each motor car has two AC traction motors. The configuration of a 6-car train is DM-T-M-M-T-DM, not interchanged with other car types. Like many contemporary metro rolling stock designs such as the Bombardier Movia, each train features open gangways, allowing passengers to move freely between cars.
In Set XXX, the road number of a DM car is 1XXX, the road number of a T car is 2XXX and the road number of an M car is 3XXX. The table below shows the set numbers of the heavy-capacity car types, which include Types C301, C321, C341, C371, and C381. For example, if the car numbers of a C301 train is 1001-2001-3001-3002-2002-1002, two C301 sets 001 and 002 form this train.
A single set cannot be in revenue service except C371 single sets 397–399, where their M car is exactly a DM car despite its car number being 3XXX. These single sets run exclusively on Xinbeitou branch and Xiaobitan branch. Before the C371 single sets were in revenue service on 22 July 2006, the M cars of C301 sets 013-014 were converted to temporary cab cars to run the Xinbeitou branch.
In 2010, the new C381 was built for Taipei Metro to cope with increasing passenger ridership and the expansion of its network route. Upon entering service on 7 October 2012, three C381 trainsets are servicing the Beitou – Taipower Building segment of the Tamsui and Xindian Lines, with the remaining fleet being put into service on 20 October 2012. These trains provided much-needed capacity increase when the Xinyi and Songshan extensions opened in late 2013. After November 2014, the C381 trains are serving both and. Whereas the earlier heavy capacity train types have largely retained the same design, the C381 sets are more distinctive with double blue stripes and the re-positioning of the logo from the driver's door to well below of passenger's windows, right on the stripe; as well as the more "sleeker" cab and the new advertising screens to improve energy efficiency, although it retains the same propulsion as the C371s.
Fleet roster
Engineering trains
Taipei Metro also uses a fleet of specialised trains for maintenance of way purposes:| Car Type | Purpose | Builder | Max. speed | Length | Lines used on |
| Barclay locomotive | Traction for maintenance rolling stock | Hunslet-Barclay | 35 km/h | 13.5 m | |
| Tamping machine | Track ballast tamping | Plasser & Theurer | 0.25 km/h | 29.2 m | |
| Railgrinder | Restore the profile and remove irregularities from worn tracks | Speno, Harsco | 2~7 km/h | 33 m | |
| Rail inspection vehicle | Measure and record rail track-related data | Plasser & Theurer | 30 km/h | 12.5 m | |
| Ultrasonic rail tesing vehicle | Detects internal cracks within rail tracks using ultrasound | Speno | 25 km/h | 8.4 m | |
| High pressure cleaning car | Cleaning of rail tracks and third rail | China Steel Corporation | 2~7 km/h | 52 m | |
| Water storage and power car | Provides water source and propulsion for high pressure cleaning car | China Steel Corporation | 2~7 km/h | 52 m | |
| Vacuum cleaning vehicle | Remove tunnel sludge | China Steel Corporation | N/A | 19 m | |
| Flash welding vehicle | Rail welding | Plasser & Theurer | N/A | 16.24 m | |
| Rail crane wagon | Lifting heavy spare parts | China Steel Corporation | 45 km/h | 11.2/11.4/16.4/18.7 m | |
| Flat wagon | Carry spare parts | N/A | N/A | 18.7 m | |
| Open wagon | Carry ballast | China Steel Corporation | N/A | 19.8 m | |
| Water tanker | Store water used for cleaning purposes | N/A | 2~7 km/h | N/A | |
| Maintenance locomotive | Maintenance of way | Nicolas | N/A | N/A |
Depots
The system currently has 9 depots, with more under construction, including the Xinzhuang Depot, expected to be completed in 2022.| Depot Name | Year Opened | Location | Rolling Stock Housed | Line Served |
| Muzha | 1996 | Wenshan, northeast of | VAL256 | |
| Beitou | 1997 | Beitou, southwest of | Kawasaki C301, C371, C381 | |
| Zhonghe | 1998 | Zhonghe, east of | Kawasaki C371 | |
| Xindian | 1999 | Xindian, northwest of | Kawasaki C371, C381 | |
| Nangang | 2000 | Nangang, southeast of | Siemens C321, C341 | |
| Tucheng | 2006 | Tucheng, southwest of | Siemens C321, C341 | |
| Neihu | 2009 | Nangang, northeast of | Innovia 256 | |
| Luzhou | 2010 | Luzhou, northwest of | Kawasaki C371 | |
| South | 2020 | Xindian, north of | Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro |
Reception
Taipei Metro is one of the most expensive rapid transit systems ever constructed, with phase one of the system costing US$18 billion and phase two estimated to have cost US$13.8 billion.Despite earlier controversy, by the time the first phase of construction was completed in 2000, it was generally agreed that the metro project was a success and has since become an essential part of life in Taipei. The system has been effective in reducing traffic congestion in the city and has spurred the revival of satellite towns and development of new areas. The system has also helped to increase average vehicle speed for routes running from New Taipei into Taipei. Property prices along metro routes tend to increase with the opening of more lines.
Since the Taipei Metro joined the Nova International Railway Benchmarking Group and the Community of Metros in 2002, it has started collecting and analysing data of the 33 Key Performance Indicators set by Nova/CoMET in order to compare them with those of other metro systems around the world, as a reference to improve its operation. Taipei Metro also has gained keys to success from case studies on different subjects such as safety, reliability, and incidents, and from the operational experiences of other metro systems.
According to a study conducted by the Railway Technology Strategy Center at Imperial College London, and data gathered by Nova/CoMET, the Taipei Metro has ranked number 1 in the world for four consecutive years in terms of reliability, safety, and quality standards. The most congested route sections handle over 38,000 commuters per hour during peak times.
On New Year's Eve 2009 and New Year's Day 2010, the Metro system transported 2.17 million passengers in 42 consecutive hours. On 22 April 2010 after 14 years of service, the system achieved the milestone of 4 billion cumulative riders. On 29 December 2010, the system passed the benchmark of 500 million annual passengers for the first time. The record for single day ridership hit 2.5 million passengers during the New Year's Eve celebrations on 31 December 2010. Following opening of the Xinyi section of, the system reached another record of 2.75 million passengers on 31 December 2013.
In May 2016, the Singapore Transport Minister, Khaw Boon Wan, said that his country's rail operators, SBS Transit and SMRT, should emulate the example of Taipei Metro. Speaking at a rail engineering forum, he cited the Taipei Metro's timely maintenance and replacement of assets, as well as its fast response to rail network problems. Khaw said the Singapore Land Transport Authority is working with the TRTC to attach staff from SBS and SMRT to its metro workshops, so they can learn from its asset maintenance practices and engineering improvements.