Galloway's research considers the biological impact of environmental change on human populations. Since 2003, Galloway has worked with Richard Thompson at the University of Plymouth on the impact of plastics in the environment. Together they worked to quantify the contamination of microplastics. She became interested in the impacts of plastics on health and moved to the University of Exeter in 2007. Here she worked with the University of Exeter Medical School on Bisphenol A, which is a compound that is found in food and drink packaging. She used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was the first to collect information on urinary BPA concentrations. Galloway identified that Bisphenol A, which is detectable in 90% of adults, can cause increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and liver disease. She continued to investigate Bisphenol A, demonstrating that urinary concentrations are independently associated with cardiovascular disease. She conducted a study with the British Heart Foundation that involved over 1,600 patients, which confirmed that Bisphenol A accelerates the progression of heart disease by ten years. Galloway's work on Bisphenol A was covered in The Naked Scientists, Chemistry World and in USA Today. Galloway is an expert in microplastics. Galloway predicted that microplastics would have an impact on the marine food chain. She has primarily looked at the impact of micro- and nano-plastics, finding that they can stop animals from feeding on their natural prey. Galloway demonstrated that this likely impacts the rest of the food chain, estimating that shellfish consumed by humans contained around 50 particles of plastic. She found that one shower could result in 100,000 microbeads ending up in the ocean. The work was used for the basis of the United Kingdom law that bans microbeads, which protects the environment from several thousand tonnes of microbeads every year. So far, she has found microplastics in every seawater sample that she has analysed. Galloway provided evidence to a cross-party committee on the environment. Her research was used in the Government of the United Kingdom report A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment. Galloway worked with Zero Plastic Waste and Policy Connect to investigate how it would be possible to eliminate plastic waste from the United Kingdom. She is a member of the Science Advice for Policy by European Academies group on microplastics in nature. Galloway served on the advisory board of Blue Planet II. She is on the editorial board of Chemosphere.
