The Temple of Vespasian and Titus is located in Rome at the western end of the Roman Forum between the Temple of Concordia and the Temple of Saturn. It is dedicated to the deified Vespasian and his son, the deified Titus. It was begun by Titus in 79 after Vespasian's death and Titus's succession. Titus’ brother, Domitian, completed and dedicated the temple to Titus and Vespasian in approximately 87.
Importance
Throughout Roman history, there was an emphasis on increasing the fame and glory of a family name, often through monuments commemorating the deceased. Therefore, the temple was constructed to honor the Flavian Dynasty, which comprised the emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Historians question whether or not Titus and Domitian had a good relationship; however, Domitian ensured the deification of his brother into the imperial cult in order to exalt the prominence of the Flavian name. Titus and Vespasian were each deified through the ceremony of apotheosis. In doing so, tradition guaranteed that Roman citizens and subjects would honor Vespasian and Titus as Roman deities. This imperial cult worship was as much a sign of allegiance to the emperor of Rome, or as a political and diplomatic gesture, as it was a formal religion.
Structure
The Temple of Vespasian was in the Corinthian order, hexastyle, and prostyle. It was particularly narrow due to the limited space, measuring 33 meters long and 22 wide. In a constricted space between the temple and the Concord, a small, two story vaulted room made of brick and concrete, and lined with marble, was built against the wall of the Tabularium, and apparently was dedicated to Titus.
History
Construction and renovation
began construction and presumably finished the foundations, made of tuff concrete, and the core of the podium, made of white marble. Domitian, however, completed the interior work after Titus’ death. The original inscription on the upper part of the architrave reads: DIVO VESPASIANO AVGUSTO S. P. Q. R. The cella walls were in travertine, lined with marbles imported at great expense from the eastern provinces. The interior is highly ornate and the frieze depicts sacred objects that would have been used as the symbols, or badges, of the various priestlycollegia in Rome. Around 200 to 205, Emperors Septimius Severus and his son, Antoninus Caracalla, conducted renovations on the temple. Beneath the previous inscription a new one is added: IMPP. CAESS. SEVERVS ET ANTONINVS PII FELIC AVGG RESTITVER. Only the last word is saved on the frieze of the front. If still in use by the 4th-century, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.
The temple suffered significant damage during medieval times, particularly c. 1300, and in Pope Nicholas V's remodelling of the Forum. All that survives today is the podium's core, parts of the cella, and three Corinthian columns at pronaos's south-east corner.
