Tempora mutantur is a Latinadage that refers to the changes that the passage of time brings. It also appears in various longer hexametric forms, most commonly Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis, meaning "Times are changed, we also are changed with them". This hexameter is not found in Classical Latin, but is a variant of phrases of Ovid, to whom it is sometimes mis-attributed. In fact, it dates to 16th-century Germany, the time of the Protestant Reformation, and it subsequently was popularised in various forms.
Wording
Like many adages and proverbial maxims drawn from the Latin cultural tradition, this line is in the hexameter verse used in Greek and Latin epic poetry. All other Latin verses cited in this page are hexameters as well. The fact that et follows nos and is accented in the hexameter's rhythm gives an emphasis to it. In this position et, normally meaning "and," can take an emphatic meaning and signify "also, too," or "even".
Grammar
"Tempora," a neuter plural and the subject of the first clause, means "times". "Mutantur" is a third person plural present passive, meaning "are changed." "Nos" is the personal pronoun and subject of the second clause, meaning "we," with emphatic force. "Mutamur" is the first person plural present passive, meaning "are changed" as well. "In illis" is an ablative plural referring back to "tempora" and so means "within them". The sentence is also a hexameter verse.
History
Change is an ancient theme in Western philosophy, in which the contribution of the pre-Socratic Heraclitus has been influential. It is summarized in Ancient Greek as panta rhei. The Latin formulation tempora mutantur is not classical, and does not have a generally accepted attribution – it is often identified as "traditional" – though it is frequently misattributed, particularly to Ovid. It is typically considered a variant of omnia mutantur "everything is changed", specifically from Ovid's Metamorphoses, in the phrase omnia mutantur, nihil interit "everything is changed, nothing perishes". However, the earliest attestation is from the German theologian , who instead uses tempora mutantur as a variant of tempora labuntur "time slips away", from Ovid's Fasti. But the phrase tempora mutantur is in the passive, where as labuntur is form of a deponent verb; its passive form conveys an active meaning. Various longer Latin forms and vernacular translations appear in 16th and early 17th century; these are discussed below.
German
The earliest attestations are in German Latin literature of the 16th century: Prior to 1554, the Protestant Reformer Caspar Huberinus completes Ovid's verse in Fasti with tempora mutantur. Ovid's Fasti, VI, 771–772 reads: Fasti was popular in the 16th century, and this passage, near the end of the last extant book of the Fasti, is interpreted as expressing the poet's own old age. Huberinus rewrites the second line as: The German translation is added in 1565 by Johannes Nas: Finally a couplet dedicated by in 1595 to emperor Lothair I. Also selected for the anthology , 1612, vol. 1, .
English
In English vernacular literature it is quoted as "proverbial" in William Harrison'sDescription of England, 1577, , part of Holinshed'sChronicles, in the form: It appears in John Lyly's Euphues I 276, 1578, as cited in , by George Latimer Apperson, Martin Manser, as It gained popularity as a couplet by John Owen, in his popular Epigrammata, 1613 Lib. I. ad Edoardum Noel, epigram 58 O Tempora!: Translated by Harvey, 1677, as:
Incorrect attributions
It is incorrectly attributed to Cicero, presumably a confusion with his O tempora o mores! It is sometimes attributed to Borbonius, though he was predated by over 50 years by others. Georg Büchmann, Geflügelte Worte: Der Citatenschatz des deutschen Volkes, ed. K. Weidling, 1898 edition, , confuses historical and poetical reality naming emperor Lothair I as the source and the couplet by Matthias Borbonius printed in 1612 as the quote. Brewer's Dictionary 1898 edition confuses Borbonius' first name with another poet, reading:
Cultural references
gave his Symphony No. 64 the title Tempora mutantur. In James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the cronies of the protagonist's father ask him to prove his ability in Latin by asking him "whether it was correct to say: tempora mutantur nos et mutamur or tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis." The phrase is meant to be an ironic reference to the decline in fortunes of the Dedalus family at this point in the novel. In Pierson v. Post, dissenting judge and future US Supreme Court JusticeHenry Brockholst Livingston argued "If any thing, therefore, in the digests or pandects shall appear to militate against the defendant in error, who, on this occasion, was foxhunter, we have only to say tempora mutantur, and if men themselves change with the times, why should not laws also undergo an alteration?" The adage is inscribed on the Convention Center at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. In July 2017 "Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis" was the first tweet of UK Conservative politician Jacob Rees-Mogg. In the Yes, Prime Minister episode ‘The National Education Service’, Cabinet Secretary Sir Humphrey Appleby recites the phrase after Prime Minister Jim Hacker claims that "hardly anybody knows nowadays".
