Teng (mythology)
Teng or Tengshe is a flying dragon in Chinese mythology.
for teng 螣 "flying dragon"
Names
This legendary creature's names include teng 螣 "a flying dragon" and tengshe 螣蛇 "flying-dragon snake" or 騰蛇 "soaring snake".Teng
The Chinese character for teng or te graphically combines a phonetic element of zhen "I, we " with the "insect radical". This radical is typically used in characters for insects, worms, reptiles, and dragons. The earliest written form of teng 螣 is a Seal script character written with the same radical and phonetic.Teng 螣 has two etymologically cognate Chinese words written with this zhen 朕 phonetic and different radicals: teng "gush up; inundate; Teng ; a surname" and teng "jump; gallop; prance; mount; ascend; fly swiftly upward; soar; rise". This latter teng, which is used to write the 騰蛇 tengshe flying dragon, occurs in draconic 4-character idioms such as longtenghuyue 龍騰虎躍 "scene of bustling activity" and tengjiaoqifeng 騰蛟起鳳 "a rapidly rising talent; an exceptional literary/artistic talent; a genius".
The Erya dictionary defines teng 螣 as tengshe 螣蛇 "teng-snake", and Guo Pu's commentary glosses it as a " flying dragon that drifts in the clouds and mist".
Some bilingual Chinese dictionaries translate teng as "wingless dragon", but this apparent ghost meaning is not found in monolingual Chinese sources. For instance, the Wiktionary and the Unihan Database translation equivalent for teng 螣 is "mythological wingless dragon of". This dangling "of" appears to be copied from Robert Henry Mathews Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary "A wingless dragon of the clouds", which adapted Herbert Giles's dictionary "A wingless dragon which inhabits the clouds and is regarded as a creature of evil omen." While dragons are depicted as both winged and wingless, Chinese dictionaries note teng "flying serpents" are wuzu 無足 "footless; legless" not "wingless".
Tengshe
"The teng 螣 dragon", says Carr, "had a semantically more transparent name of tengshe 騰蛇 'rising/ascending snake'." Tengshe is written with either teng 螣 "flying dragon" or teng 騰 "soaring; rising" and she 蛇 "snake; serpent"From the original "flying dragon; flying serpent" denotation, tengshe acquired three additional meanings: "an asterism" in Traditional Chinese star names, "a battle formation" in Chinese military history, and "lines above the mouth" in physiognomy.
First, Tengshe 螣蛇 Flying Serpent is an asterism of 22 stars in the Chinese constellation Shi Encampment, which is the northern 6th of the 7 Mansions in the Xuanwu 玄武 Black Tortoise constellation. These Tengshe stars spread across corresponding Western constellations of Andromeda, Lacerta, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, and Cygnus. In traditional Chinese art, Xuanwu is usually represented as a tortoise surrounded by a dragon or snake.
Second, Tengshe names "a battle formation". The Beishi history of Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei Dynasty describes a 454 CE battle. The Wei army routed enemy soldiers by deploying troops into over ten columns that changed between feilong "flying dragons", tengshe 螣蛇 "ascending snakes", and yuli 魚麗 "beautiful fishes".
Third, Tengshe "flying dragon" has a specialized meaning in Xiangshu 相術 "Chinese physiognomy", referring to "vertical lines rising from corners of the mouth".
Te
The earliest occurrence of 螣 means te "a plant pest" instead of teng "a flying dragon". The Shijing describes farmers removing plant pests called mingte 螟螣 and maozei 蟊賊 in fields of grain. These Shijing names rhyme, and Bernhard Karlgren reconstructed them as Old Chinese *d'ək 螣 and *dz'ək 賊. The Mao Commentary glosses four insects; the ming 螟 eats hearts, the te 螣 eats leaves, the mao 蟊 eats roots, and the zei 賊 eats joints. Compare these translations:- We remove the insects that eat the heart and the leaf, And those that eat the roots and the joints
- Avaunt, all earwigs and pests
- We remove the noxious insects from the ears and leaves, and the grubs from roots and stems
The identity of this rare te 螣 or 蟘 "a grain pest" called remains uncertain. In Modern Standard Chinese usage, te only occurs as a literary archaism, while ming is used in words like mingling 螟蛉 "corn earworm; adopted son" and mingchong 螟虫 "snout moth's larva".
Classical usages
frequently mention tengshe 螣蛇 or 騰蛇 "flying dragons". The examples below are roughly arranged in chronological order, although some heterogeneous texts are of uncertain dates. Only texts with English translations are cited, excluding tengshe occurrences in texts such as the Guiguzi, Shuoyuan, and Shiji.Xunzi
The Confucianist Xunzi first records the Classical Chinese idiom tengshe wuzu er fei 螣蛇無足而飛 "flying dragon is without feet yet flies", which figuratively means "success results from concentrating on one's abilities".- The T'eng-she dragon has no feet but flies; the squirrel have five talents, but cannot perform any one of them to perfection.
- The wingless dragon has no limbs, but it can fly; the flying squirrel has five talents, but it is reduced to extremity.
Hanfeizi
"Ten Faults" uses it describing the Yellow Emperor's heavenly music.
In by-gone days the Yellow Emperor once called a meeting of devils and spirits at the top of the Western T'ai Mountain, he rode in a divine carriage pulled by dragons, with Pi-fang a tree deity keeping pace with the linchpin, Ch'ih-yu marching in the front, Earl Wind sweeping the dirt, Master Rain sprinkling water on the road, tigers and wolves leading in the front, devils and spirits following from behind, rising serpents rolling on the ground, and male and female phoenixes flying over the top.
The "Critique on the Concept of Political Purchase" quotes Shen Dao contrasting feilong 飛龍 "flying dragon" with tengshe 螣蛇 to explain shi "political purchase; strategic advantage".
Shen Tzu said: "The flying dragon mounts the clouds and the t'eng snake wanders in the mists. But when the clouds dissipate and the mists clear, the dragon and the snake become the same as the earthworm and the large-winged black ant because they have lost that on which they ride. Where men of superior character are subjugated by inferior men, it is because their authority is lacking and their position is low. Where the inferior are subjugated by the superior, it is because the authority of the latter is considerable and their position is high.
Chuci
The Chuci parallels tengshe 騰蛇 with feiju 飛駏 "flying horse" in the poem "A Road Beyond".With team of dragons I mount the heavens, In ivory chariot borne aloft.... I wander through all the constellations; I roam about round the Northern Pole. My upper garment is of red stuff; Of green silk is my under-robe. I loosen my girdle and let my clothes flow freely; I stretch out my trusty Gan-jiang sword. The Leaping Serpent follows behind me, the Flying Horse trots at my side.
Huainanzi
The Huainanzi uses both tengshe graphic variants 螣蛇 and 騰蛇."The Art of Rulership" uses tengshe 螣蛇 with yinglong 應龍 "responding dragon". The t'eng snake springs up into the mist; the flying ying dragon ascends into the sky mounting the clouds; a monkey is nimble in the trees and a fish is agile in the water."
The "Discourse on Forests" has tengshe 騰蛇 in the same 遊霧 "drifts into the mist" phrase, "The ascending snake can drift in the mist, yet it is endangered by the centipede."
Other texts
Tengshe frequently occurs in Chinese poetry. Two early examples are "The Dark Warrior shrinks into his shell; The Leaping Serpent twists and coils itself", and "Though winged serpents ride high on the mist, They turn to dust and ashes at last".Mythology
The Chinese books above repeatedly parallel the tengshe "soaring snake; flying dragon" with its near synonym feilong "flying dragon". Like the tianlong "heavenly dragon", these creatures are associated with clouds and rainfall, as Visser explains.The Classics have taught us that the dragon is thunder, and at the same time that he is a water animal akin to the snake, sleeping in pools during winter and arising in spring. When autumn comes with its dry weather, the dragon descends and dives into the water to remain there till spring arrives again.
The Bencao Gangmu mentions this mythic serpent, "There are flying snakes without feet such as the 螣蛇 T'eng She." The commentary explains, "The t'eng-she changes into a dragon. This divine snake can ride upon the clouds and fly about over a thousand miles. If it is heard, pregnancy."
Wolfram Eberhard surveys the cultural background of tengshe "ascending snake" myths.
Frequently, in the early literature, the snake steps into the clouds . Here one suspects that the word dragon was taboo and had to be substituted; this is confirmed by Chung-ch'ang T'ung stating that the ascending snake loses it scales. One can hardly speak of scales in the case of a real snake, but a dragon was believed to be scaly. Otherwise this flying snake may be compared with the folktale of the fight between centipede and snake which is associated with Thai culture … The dragon-like snake in the sky is again the dragon lung, again of the Thai cultures. Otherwise the "ascending snake" may mean a constellation of stars near the Milky Way . According to Ko Hung it makes lightning, and this again equates it with the dragon lung.
Legends about flying snakes, serpents, and dragons are widespread in comparative mythology, exemplified by the Biblical Fiery flying serpent. Snakes in the genus Chrysopelea are commonly known as "flying snakes".