Thao language

Phonology

Consonants

• are written. is though written in Blust's dictionary.
• is written
• is written. It's though written in Blust's dictionary.
• is written

• The glides are derived from the underlying vowels to meet the requirements that syllables must have onset consonants and to indicate stress placement accurately.
• is an allophone of occurring intervocalically.

  Vowels

• Stress is penultimate, otherwise can be written as in "dadú", but doubling is also frequently used, as in "daduu".
• and occur as allophones of and, respectively, when preceded or followed either by or.

  Morphology

1. Actor: -um-, ma-
2. Patient: -in, -in-
3. Locative: -an

   Syntax

Pronouns

• minmihu - for you
• panmihu - as for you
• panihun - because of you
• shanaihun - up to you
• shaunatazihun - go to your place
• shmunaihun - bring to you
• nakin - for me
• panyakin - as for me
• pashiyakin - leave me
• shanayayakin - up to me
• shmunayakin - bring me

  Affixes

• a- : only found in /kan/ 'eat'
• -ak : '1st person singular '
• ak-... -in : 'morning, noon, evening meals'
• an- : uncertain function
• -an : Verbal uses can be indicative, imperative, or adversative.
• i- : prefix or clitic particle marking location
• -i : imperative
• -ik : patient focus
• -in- : perfective or completive aspect
• -in : patient focus
• ish- : found most with intransitive verbs
• ka- : 'to make an X', 'two times'
• ka-... -an : meaning unclear
• kal- : 'X told'
• kalh- : 'to pile, spread'
• kash- : 'intensity, repetition'
• kashi- : meaning uncertain
• kashi-... -an : 'pull by the X'
• kashun- : derives verbs referring to positions of the human body, or sometimes objects such as boats
• kat- : 'gradually become X'
• ki- : 'stand, stay'; other possible meanings as well
• ki-... -an : 'be affected with pain in the X'
• kilh- : 'search for, seek'
• kin- : 'to pick or gather X'
• kit-... -in : 'infested with X'
• ku- : 'to perform an action with X' ; less specific in other contexts
• kun- : 'sudden or abrupt action', 'to eat the X meal', 'to do X times'; meaning unclear sometimes
• la- : usually found in expressions of quantity of degree
• lhin- : causative sense
• lhun- : swelling-related meanings, etc.
• m- : marks the genitive in 'you ' and 'we '
• ma- : marks stative verbs, occasionally nouns derived from stative verbs
• ma- : active verb prefix
• ma- : prefix marking the future in actor focus verbs
• ma- : 'tens'
• mak- : intransitive verbs
• maka- : 'to resemble X', 'produce X', 'from/in/to X'
• makin- : intransitive verbs; 'Xth from the bottom'
• makit- : 'happen gradually', 'perform X gradually'
• maku- : directional sense, and is followed by /na/-
• malhi- : 'give birth to an X'
• man- : generally used with dynamic, intransitive verbs
• mana- : generally found with directional verbs
• mapa- : 'reciprocal', 'collective action'
• mash- : 'to speak X', 'walk with an X'
• masha- : relates to body positions, or may have a directional meaning
• mashi- : comparatives ; often synonymous with /ma/-
• mat- : derives intransitive or stative verbs
• mati- : locative expressions
• matin- + full reduplication : 'X-ish' or 'spotted with X'
• mi- : derives intransitive verbs, often with some form of base reduplication
• mi- + Ca reduplication : 'do with a group of X'
• mya- : used to derive various verbs
• min- : derives inchoative verbs ; 'become an X' or 'become like an X'
• mu- : most frequently derives verbs of motion; 'go into X; enter X' ; 'search for X' ; 'do X times'
• mun- : intransitive verbs
• -n : derives accusative pronouns from nominative bases
• na- : most commonly with verbs indicating change of location; 'it's up to X'
• pa- : causative of dynamic verbs ; 'make X do Y' or 'let X do Y'; active transitive verb with no causative argument/sense
• pak- : 'exude X' ; intransitive verb prefix
• pan- : 'perform X in a downward direction'
• pan-... -an : used with terms for lineal consanguines to derive the corresponding collateral terms of the same generation
• pash-... -an : 'place in which X is kept'
• pashi- : generally causative sense ; 'let X do it' or 'let X have it'
• pashi-... -an : 'put X on' or 'wear X'
• pat- : generally causative sense
• pi- : causative verbs of location ; may also form non-locative verbs
• pya- : forms causative verbs ; simulative verb
• pik- : generally causative sense
• pin- : generally forms causative verbs or deverbal nouns
• pish- : 'play X' ; inchoative sense ; causative sense
• pu- : causative or transitive counterpart of the movement prefix /mu/-, which is intransitive; 'use an X' or 'put in an X' ; 'send out an X'
• pu-... -an : to wear X'
• pun- : 'to catch X'
• qata- : bodily movement, observation, and the like
• sha- : directional sense
• shan-na-Ca-... : 'it's up to X'
• shau- : 'go to X' or 'arrive at X'
• shi- : appears to mark past tense
• shi- : sometimes appears with commands
• shi-X-X : 'X-ish, somewhat X'
• shi-X-iz: 'X times'
• shu- : 'bring X' or 'take X'
• tana- : generally directional sense
• tau- : 'to carry X' ; 'to turn to X'
• tish- : forms both transitive and intransitive verbs; often refers to results of non-deliberate actions
• tu-Ca-... : 'the odor of X'
• -um- : actor focus infix
• un-... -an : 'undesirable bodily conditions or afflictions'; 'figurative extension of a physical affliction'
• -un : equivalent of -/in/ 'patient focus'
• -wak : 1st person singular actor
• -wan : 'X's turn '
• ya- : only comes after /mapa/- 'reciprocal or collective action'
• -zan : 'X paces'

• kan 'step, walk'
• lhqa 'live, living'
• pasaháy 'to use'
• qalha 'much, many'
• sa