Third Chinese domination of Vietnam


The third Chinese domination is the period in Vietnam from the end of the Early Lý dynasty in 602 to the rise of the Khúc family by Khúc Thừa Dụ in 905. Its independence was consolidated in 938, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng and expulsion of the Southern Han army by Ngô Quyền who established the Ngô dynasty. This period saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over an area of northern Vietnam roughly corresponding to the modern Hanoi region. From 602–618, this area was under the late Sui Dynasty, under three districts in the Red River Delta. From 618 to 905, the Tang Dynasty became the new Chinese rulers of Vietnam.This began when the king of Early Lý dynasty surrendered to Emperor Wen of Sui in Sui–Former Lý War until Khúc clan seized the capital Đại La and install the autonomous state in Vietnam in 905. At that moment, the Emperor Ai of Tang lost the power to Zhu Wen and stayed as the figurehead.

Names

During this time, Vietnam was known as:
In 602 general Liu Fang of the Sui dynasty led 270,000 soldiers to invade Vietnamese kingdom of Vạn Xuân. The King of Vạn Xuân Lý Phật Tử in capital Long Biên had to surrender to Liu Fang and he was captured to Chang'an. Sui dynasty annexed Vạn Xuân as a province and renamed it Giao Châu, "Giao province".
Liu Fang was nominated as the viceroy of Giao Châu. He died after conquering the Kingdom of Champa and Qiū He replaced him to rule the land. However, in 618, Emperor Gaozu overthrew the Sui dynasty and established the Tang dynasty, and Qiū He submitted to the new Emperor, incorporating Vietnam into the Tang dynasty.

List of governors

Viceroy of Jiaozhou

The Tang Dynasty quelled three revolts in northern Vietnam between 722 and 728, using an army of natives pressed into service under the leadership of Chinese generals. The Chinese generals were brutal in suppressing the insurrection: one ordered the decapitated bodies of 80,000 scalped and flayed rebels stacked into a pyramid. Although Chinese governors were sent to rule over Annam, a series of local emperors were unofficial rulers under Chinese control:
Nanzhao invaded the area of Jiaozhi modern day Vietnam multiple times in the 9th century until the Tang sent Gao Pian to defeat Nanzhao and restoring Tang rule to Jiaozhou.
Taking advantage of disturbances at the end of Tang Dynasty, a native noble from Cuc Bo, Khúc Thừa Dụ, made himself Jiedushi of Jinghai in 905, and in 906 the Tang court had to recognize this a fait accompli. Khúc Thừa Dụ was admired by the people, he later worked with the Tang to establish himself as the first local self-appointed governor who ended the practice of governors sent by the Imperial court from other regions. Khuc Thua Du's son, Khúc Hạo, tried to set up a national administration.
After the Tang dynasty was ousted by the Later Liang in northern China, China split in different Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Emperors of Later Liang in Northern Central China and the Southern Han in Southern China both claimed to be the sole legitimate Emperors of China. The Jiedushi Khúc Thừa Mỹ chose to recognize the Later Liang in Central China as the legitimate ruler and acknowledged themselves as part of the Later Liang and resisted and fought against the Southern Han. Unlike most of Tang provinces during the Five Dynasties era, Tĩnh Hải Quân did not declared independence.
In 930 the Southern Han dynasty had taken power in southern China, again invaded the country and defeated Khúc Thừa Mỹ. In 931, another local, Dương Đình Nghệ took up the fight and made himself governor. In 931, Dương Đình Nghệ was murdered by his aide Kiều Công Tiễn. Ngô Quyền, a general under Nghệ, revolted against Tiễn and took control of the military. In 938, a Southern Han fleet entered Vietnam by sea via the Bạch Đằng estuary. Ngô Quyền ordered iron-tipped stakes to be planted into the riverbed. At high-tide, a Vietnamese flotilla attacked the enemy then, pretending to escape, lured the Han ships into the water where the stakes, still covered by the tide, are beneath. At low-tide, the Vietnamese fleet counter-attacked, forcing the enemy to flee and impaled on the barrage of stakes.
The Bạch Đằng victory in 938 put an end to the period of Chinese imperial domination. In 939 Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself not Governor but King, establishing the Ngô Dynasty. He put his capital at Cổ Loa, the old capital of Âu Lạc in the 3rd century BC and set up a centralized government.
After Ngô Quyền's death, Vietnam became embroiled in the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords. In 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh unified the country and declared himself as Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt.