Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt


The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt is often combined with Dynasties XI, XII and XIV under the group title Middle Kingdom. Some writers separate it from these dynasties and join it to Dynasties XIV through XVII as part of the Second Intermediate Period. Dynasty XIII lasted from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i.e. for 154 years.
The 13th dynasty was a direct continuation of the preceding 12th dynasty, with its first ruler believed to be a son of Amenemhat IV. Kim Ryholt proposes that the demarcation between the two dynasties reflects the rise of the independent 14th dynasty in the eastern Delta, an event which, he proposes, occurred during Sobekneferu's reign. As direct heirs to the kings of the 12th dynasty, pharaohs of the 13th dynasty reigned from Memphis over Middle and Upper Egypt, all the way to the second cataract to the south. The power of the 13th dynasty waned progressively over its 150 years of existence and it finally came to an end with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos rulers of the 15th dynasty, c. 1650 BC.

Rulers

In later texts, this dynasty is usually described as an era of chaos and disorder. However, the period may have been more peaceful than was once thought since the central government in Itj-tawy near the Faiyum was sustained during most of the dynasty and the country remained relatively stable. The period was undoubtedly characterized by decline, with a large number of kings with short reigns and only a few attestations. It is clear that they were not from a single family line, and some of them were born commoners. Unfortunately, the true chronology of this dynasty is difficult to determine as there are few monuments dating from the period. Many of the kings' names are only known from odd fragmentary inscriptions or from scarabs. The names and order in the table are based on Dodson and Hilton and Ryholt.
Name of pharaohImageBurialConsortComments
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep IThe dominant hypothesis is that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep was the founder of the dynasty, in older studies Wegaf
SonbefPerhaps a son of Amenemhat IV and brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep.
Nerikare
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
Ameny QemauPyramid of Ameny Qemau
Hotepibre Qemau SiharnedjheritefPerhaps identical with King Sehotepibre in the Turin Canon
IufniKnown only from the Turin canon
Seankhibre Ameny-Intef-Amenemhat VI
Semenkare Nebnuni
Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy
Sewadjkare IKnown only from the Turin canon
NedjemibreKnown only from the Turin canon
Khaankhre Sobekhotep II
Renseneb Amenemhat
Awybre HorBuried in Dahshur near the pyramid of Amenemhet IIINubhetepti
Sekhemrekhutawy KhabawPossibly a son of Hor Awybre.
DjedkheperewPossibly a brother of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw.
Sedjefakare Kay-Amenemhet VII
Khutawyre Wegaf
Userkare KhendjerPyramid of Khendjer, South SaqqaraSenebMay also have borne the name Nimaatre.
Smenkhkare ImyremeshawAya ?
Sehetepkare IntefAya ?
Seth Meribre
Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep IIISenebhenas
Neni
Khasekhemre Neferhotep IPerhaps buried at AbydosSenebsen
Menwadjre SihathorEphemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I
Khaneferre Sobekhotep IVPerhaps buried at Abdydos: S 10 TjanBrother of Neferhotep I and Sihathor
Merhotepre Sobekhotep VNubkhaes ?
Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI
Wahibre Ibiau
Merneferre AyBuilt a pyramid whose location is unknown, maybe near Memphis.Inni ?Reigned 23 years, the longest reign of the dynasty. Last king to be attested in both Lower and Upper Egypt.

Following these kings, the remaining rulers of the 13th Dynasty are only attested by finds from Upper Egypt. This may indicate the abandonment of the old capital Itjtawy in favor of Thebes. Daphna Ben Tor believes that this event was triggered by the invasion of the eastern Delta and the Memphite region by Canaanite rulers. For some authors, this marks the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. This analysis is rejected by Ryholt and Baker however, who note that the stele of Seheqenre Sankhptahi, reigning toward the end of the dynasty, strongly suggests that he reigned over Memphis. Unfortunately, the stele is of unknown provenance.
PharaohComments
Merhotepre IniAlso known as Ini I
Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Mersekhemre InedPossibly the same as Neferhotep II
Sewadjkare HoriAlso known as Hori II
Merkawre Sobekhotep VII
Eight kings, names lost
Merkheperre
MerkareKnown only from the Turin canon
One lost king
Sewadjare Mentuhotep V
mosre
Ibi maatre
Hor webenre
Sekare
Seheqenre SankhptahiRepresented on a stele offering to Ptah
re
Seenre

The chronological position of a number of attested rulers could not be conclusively determined due to a lack of evidence:
PharaohComments
Mershepsesre Ini IIAccording to von Beckerath, successor of Sewadjare Mentuhotep V and predecessor of Merkheperre
Mersekhemre Neferhotep IIPossibly the same as Mersekhemre Ined
Sewahenre SenebmiuAccording to von Beckerath, successor of Sekare
Sekhanenre...re

Sobekhotep I and II

Ryholt posits a ruler named "Sobkhotep I Sekhemre Khutawy" as the first king of this dynasty. This is now the dominant hypothesis in Egyptology and Sobekhotep Sekhemre Khutawy is referred to as Sobekhotep I in this article. Ryholt thus credits Sekhemre Khutawy Sobkhotep I with a reign of 3 to 4 years c. 1800 BC and proposes that Khaankhre Sobekhotep II reigned c. 20 years later in 1780 BC. Dodson and Hilton similarly believe that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep predated Khaankhre Sobekhotep.

Successors

After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising Nubian state of Kush. In the north, Lower Egypt was overrun by the Hyksos, a Semitic people from across the Sinai. An independent line of kings created Dynasty XIV that arose in the western Delta during later Dynasty XIII. According to Manetho, into this unstable mix came invaders from the east called the Hyksos who seized Egypt "without striking a blow; and having overpowered the rulers of the land, they then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of gods..." Their regime, called Dynasty XV, was claimed to have replaced Dynasties XIII and XIV in most of the country.
However, recent archaeological finds at Edfu could indicate that the Hyksos 15th dynasty was already in existence at least by the mid-13th dynasty reign of king Sobekhotep IV. In a recently published paper in Egypt and the Levant, Nadine Moeller, Gregory Marouard and N. Ayers discuss the discovery of an important early 12th dynasty Middle Kingdom administrative building in the eastern Tell Edfu area of Upper Egypt which was in continual use into the early Second Intermediate Period until the 17th dynasty, when its remains were sealed up by a large silo court. Fieldwork by Egyptologists in 2010 and 2011 into the remains of the former 12th dynasty building which was also used in the 13th dynasty led to the discovery of a large adjoining hall which proved to contain 41 sealings showing the cartouche of the Hyksos ruler Khyan together with 9 sealings naming the 13th dynasty king Sobekhotep IV. The preserved contexts of these seals shows that Sobekhotep IV and Khyan were most likely contemporaries of one another. This could mean that the 13th dynasty did not control all of Egypt when Sobekhotep IV acceded to power, and that there was a significant overlap between the 13th and 15th dynasties since Sobekhotep IV was only a mid-13th dynasty ruler; although one of its most powerful kings. Therefore, Manetho's statement that the Hyksos 15th dynasty violently replaced the 13th dynasty could be a piece of later Egyptian propaganda. Rather, the 13th dynasty's authority must have been collapsing throughout Egypt in its final decades and the Hyksos state in the Delta region simply took over Memphis and ended the 13th dynasty's kingdom. However, this analysis and the conclusions drawn from it are rejected by Egyptologist Robert Porter, who argues that Khyan ruled much later than Sobekhotep IV and that the seals of a pharaoh were used long after his death. Thus the seals of Sobekhotep IV might not indicate that he was a contemporary of Khyan.
Merneferre Ay was the last Egyptian ruler of the 13th Dynasty who is attested by objects in both Lower and Upper Egypt. Henceforth, his successors, from Merhotepre Ini on, are only attested in Upper Egypt.