The "Three Musketeers" was the nickname given to three liberal members during the 1932–37 terms of the United States Supreme Court, who generally supported the New Deal agenda of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They were JusticesLouis Brandeis, Benjamin N. Cardozo, and Harlan Fiske Stone. They were opposed by the Four Horsemen, consisting of Justices James Clark McReynolds, George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter, and Pierce Butler. Chief JusticeCharles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen J. Roberts controlled the balance. Charles Evans Hughes often swayed to the liberal side while Owen J. Roberts sided with the conservatives. With the help of Roberts the Four Horsemen controlled most of the decisions which led to them striking down many new deal laws as unconstitutional. Although they were a bipartisan group, with Stone being a republican, they all had similar views on New Deal legislation which drew them together. During the 1935 term, the Four Horsemen would often ride together to and from Court in order to coordinate their positions. To counter them, the Three Musketeers started meeting at Brandeis's apartment on Friday afternoons. However, the Four Horsemen held sway, leading to Roosevelt's court-packing scheme. In 1937, in the "switch in time that saved nine," Roberts and Hughes switched to the liberal side in several key decisions. The most important decision being West Coast Hotel V. Parrish which was a decision regarding the minimum wage of workers. Normally Roberts voted to veto these laws however he switched his vote because he feared the court-packing scheme. Within a year, Van Devanter and Sutherland retired to be replaced by Hugo Black and Stanley Reed, strong New Dealers. This ended the Four Horsemen's sway. By 1941, Brandeis, Cardozo, Butler, McReynolds, and Hughes were also gone. Only Stone and Roberts remained, and by then Stone had been elevated to the position of Chief Justice. The Three Musketeers were successful in many cases. They often were able to convince the swing voters, Charles Evans Hughes and Owen Roberts, to vote for New Deal ideas. The Three Musketeers were able to uphold many New Deal laws such as the Gold Confiscation Act of 1934, The Fair Labor Standards Act, the Tennessee Valley Authority and Social Security. They persuaded members of the Four Horsemen to vote to uphold New Deal legislation occasionally.
