Threshold energy


In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy a pair of traveling particles must have when they collide. The threshold energy is always greater than or equal to the rest energy of the desired particle. In most cases, since momentum is also conserved, the threshold energy is significantly greater than the rest energy of the desired particle - and thus there will still be considerable kinetic energy in the final particles.
The threshold energy should not be confused with the threshold displacement energy, which is the minimum energy needed to permanently displace an atom in a crystal to produce a crystal defect in radiation material science.

Example

Consider the collision of a mobile proton with a stationary proton so that a meson is produced:
Transforming into the ZMF and assuming the outgoing particles have no KE when viewed in the ZMF, the conservation of energy equation is:
Rearranged to
By assuming that the outgoing particles have no KE in the ZMF, we have effectively considered an inelastic collision in which the product particles move with a combined momentum equal to that of the incoming proton in the Lab Frame.
Our terms in our expression will cancel, leaving us with:
Using relativistic velocity additions:
We know that is equal to the speed of one proton as viewed in the ZMF, so we can re-write with :
So the energy of the proton must be MeV.
Therefore, the minimum kinetic energy for the proton must be MeV.

A more general example

Consider the case where a particle 1 with lab energy
and mass impinges on a
target particle 2 at rest in the lab, i.e. with lab energy and mass.
The threshold energy to produce three particles of masses,,
, i.e.
is then found by assuming that these three particles are at rest in the center of mass frame :
Here is the total energy available in the center of mass frame.
Using, and
one derives that