1808: Bairakdar, the ayan of Rusçuk, having arrived in Constantinople too late to restore Selim III, installed Mahmud II, the sole surviving member of the Ottoman line.
1818: Conclusion of Egypt's seven-year campaign against the Wahabis in Arabia, who had occupied Mecca and Medina and threatened Syria. As a result, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean fell under Egyptian control.
1833: The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi established alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Russia and provided that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships at the Russians' request.
1834: Abdul Qadir of Algeria recognized as ruler of the area under his control by the French.
1839: In response to threats by Egyptian wāli Muhammad Ali to declare himself independent, an Ottoman army began the invasion of Syria from the Euphrates. It was defeated by the Egyptians in the battle of Nezib. On July 1 the Turkish fleet surrendered itself to Muhammad Ali in Alexandria.
1840: Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria. British free occupied Aden.
1841: State of Adamawa established by Adams adjacent to Nigeria.
1842: Amir Abdul Qadir, ousted from Algeria by the French. He crossed over to Morocco. Shah Shuja assassinated ending the Durrani rule in Afghanistan.
1847: Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice, but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France.
1850: The Báb is executed by the Persian government. Táhirih, a renowned poet and staunch advocate of Bábism also executed.
1852: Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by Napoleon III. He settled in Ottoman Empire.
1853: After a series of intrigues ostensibly designed to enable it to act as protector of Orthodox Christians in Ottoman territories failed, Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in March. The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia in October beginning the Crimean War. Great Britain and France would declare war on Russia the following March.
1856: Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu is issued on February 18 and constitutes the most important Ottoman reform measure of the nineteenth century. It guaranteed the lives and property of Christians, replaced the heads of churches with a national synod, provided full freedom of conscience and civil participation for adherents to all religions. The edict was forced on the sultan by the British, French and Austrians to forestall a Russian intervention.
1856: Treaty of Paris ends Crimean War, and admits Turkey into the European concert, whereby its independence and imperial integrity was guaranteed. Russia ceded the mouths of the Danube and Bessarabia, returned Kurs, relinquished its claim as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire and agreed to the neutralization of the Black Sea.
1857: British captured Delhi and eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of 1000 years of Muslim rule over India.
1858: Feudal holdings abolished in the Ottoman Empire.
1859: Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces and the Islamic State of Dagestan became a Russian province.
1860: Civil War between Syrian Druzes and Marionite Christians erupted. Authorized by the European Powers, France sent expeditionary force which restored order by June 1861.
1861: Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I died and is succeeded by Abdülaziz whose reign is notable for the rapid spread of western influence, as evidenced by the first foreign loans, railroad construction, and public debt administration, and the rise of secular liberalism, shown by literary revival, translation of Western literature, rise of Turkish journalism and establishment of universities.
1878: Conference of Berlin. Ottoman Empire loses territories to Russia or Balkan countries
1878: Ottoman Empire handed over Cyprus to Britain.
1879: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani exiled from Egypt. Treaty of Berlin. Ottoman lost 4/5 th of its territory in Europe.
1881: France invaded Tunisia and the Bey acknowledged supremacy of France as a result of the treaty of Bardo. Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in northern Sudan.
1891: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi, and thus laid the foundation of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam But All scholars of Muslim world especially Indian announce Ghulam Ahmad as fake personality and latterly Parliament of Pakistan declared followers of ahmadiya movement as non- Muslims.
1899: Fall of Muhammad Ahmad's Mahdi State occupied by the British and the Egyptians jointly. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 13 percent of the total.
