Timeline of 9th-century Muslim history

9th century (801–900 CE / 184–288 AH)

• 803: Downfall of the Barmakids. Execution of Ja'far ibn Yahya.
• 805: Outbreak of revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan.
• 806: Harun al-Rashid leads a huge campaign against the Byzantines.
• 809: Death of Harun al-Rashid. Accession of al-Amin.
• 810: Muhammad al-Taqi, the 9th Shia Imam was born.
• 811: Abbasid Civil War: Battle of Rayy in Persia.
• 812, August: Abbasid Civil War: the Siege of Baghdad begins
• 813, September: Abbasid Civil War: the Siege of Baghdad ends with the capture of the city by the forces of al-Ma'mun and the death of al-Amin
• 815: Shi'a revolt under Abu 'l-Saraya al-Sirri in Iraq. Harthama ibn A'yan quells the revolt.
• 816: Shi'a revolt in Mecca; In Spain the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica. Harthama ibn A'yan is executed.
• 818: Ali al-Rida dies in Mashhad. Muhammad al-Taqi becomes Imam. The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Sardinia.
• 820: Tahir ibn Husayn establishes the rule of the Tahirids in Khurasan.
• 822: Death of al-Hakam I in Spain; accession of Abd ar-Rahman II.
• 823: Death of Tahir in Khurasan. Accession of Talha and his deposition. Accession of Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani.
• ca. 825: Establishment of the Emirate of Crete.
• 827: Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born. Ma'mun declares the Mu'tazili creed as the state religion. Beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
• 833: 9 August— Death of Ma'mun. Accession of al-Mu'tasim.
• 835: Muhammad al-Taqi is poisoned. Ali al-Hadi becomes Imam.
• 836: al-Mu'tasim moves the capital to Samarra.
• 837: Revolt of the Jats.
• 838: Revolt of Babak Khorramdin in Azarbaijan suppressed. Sack of Amorium by al-Mu'tasim.
• 839: Revolt of Mazyar in Tabaristan. The Muslims occupy South Italy. Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily.
• 842: 5 January— Death of al-Mu'tasim, accession of al-Wathiq.
• 843: Revolts of the Arabs. Unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete.
• 846: Battle of Mauropotamos between Byzantines and Abbasids in Asia Minor.
• 846: Hasan al-Askari, the 11th Shia Imam is born.
• 847: Death of Wathiq, accession of al-Mutawakkil.
• 850: Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy.
• 849: Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani; accession of Tahir II.
• 852: Death of Abd ar-Rahman II of Spain;. accession of Muhammad I.
• 856: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind.
• 858: Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya.
• 860: Ahmad founds the Samanid rule in Transoxiana.
• 861: Murder of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil; accession of al-Muntasir and beginning of the "Anarchy at Samarra".
• 862: Muntasir poisoned to death; accession of al-Musta'in.
• 863: The Battle of Lalakaon breaks the power of the emirate of Malatya. Start of the Byzantine counter-offensive.
• 864: Zaydi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd.
• 866: Abbasid Civil War: Al-Musta'in flees from Samarra, his deposition and accession of al-Mu'tazz; Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaidhir, a descendant of Ali, establishes an independent kingdom in Yamamah.
• 867: Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan.
• 868: Ali al-Hadi is poisoned. Hasan al-Askari becomes Imam. Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last Imam of shiite is born. Ahmad ibn Tulun finds the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
• 869: The Abbasid Caliph Mu'tazz forced to abdicate, his death and accession of al-Muhtadi. Beginning of Zanj Rebellion in Basra.
• 870: Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death and accession of al-Mu'tamid.
• 871: Bari is captured by Louis II of Italy, ending the Emirate of Bari.
• 873: Tahirid rule extinguished.
• 874: Hasan al-Askari is poisoned. Muhammad al-Mahdi becomes Imam. Zanji state established at al-Muktara during the Zanj Rebellion in South Iraq. Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr I.
• 877: Death of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan, accession of Amr bin Layth.
• 878: Fall of Syracuse to the Muslims.
• 883: End of Zanj Rebellion
• 885: Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt, accession of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun.
• 886: Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of al-Mundhir. Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind.
• 888: Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi.
• 891: The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain.
• 892: Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid death. al-Mu'tadid becomes Caliph. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr, accession of Ismail I.
• 893: Zaydi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim
• 894: The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain.
• 896: Death of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; accession of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh.
• 897: Assassination of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh; accession of Abu Musa Harun.
• 898: Qarmatians sack Basra. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 per cent of the total.