Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)
Tonga, also known as Zambezi, is a Bantu language primarily spoken by the Tonga people who live mainly in the Southern and Western provinces of Zambia, and in northern Zimbabwe, with a few in Mozambique. The language is also spoken by the Iwe, Toka and Leya people, and perhaps by the Kafwe Twa, as well as many bilingual Zambians and Zimbabweans. In Zambia Chitonga is taught in schools as first language in the whole of Southern Province, and parts of Lusaka and Central Provinces.
It is one of the major lingua francas in Zambia, together with Bemba, Lozi and Nyanja. The Tonga of Malawi, which is classified by Guthrie as belonging to zone N15, is not particularly close to Zambian Tonga, which is classified as zone M64, and can be considered a separate language.
The Tonga-speaking inhabitants are the oldest Bantu settlers, with the Tumbuka, a small ethnic group in the east, in what is now known as Zambia. There are two distinctive dialects of Tonga; Valley Tonga and Plateau Tonga. Valley Tonga is mostly spoken in the Zambezi valley and southern areas of the Batonga while Plateau Tonga is spoken more around Monze District and the northern areas of the Batonga.
Tonga developed as a spoken language and was not put into written form until missionaries arrived in the area. The language is not standardized, and speakers of the same dialect may have different spellings for the same words once put into written text.
At least some speakers have a bilabial nasal click where neighboring dialects have /mw/, as in mwana 'child' and kumwa 'to drink'.
Maho removes Shanjo as a separate, and not very closely related, language.
Verbs
Tonga or Chitonga follows the standard Bantu language structure. A single word may incorporate a subject-marker, a tense-marker, a direct object, and even an indirect object, combined with the verb root itself.| Tense | Tense marker | Example |
| Subject--verb root- | First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta" | |
| Present Simple | - | Ndakuta |
| Present Perfect | -a--ide | Ndikutide |
| Present Continuous | -la- | Ndilakuta |
| Habitual Present Tense | -la--a | Ndilakuta |
| Recent Past | -ali--ide | ndalikutide |
| Simple Past | -aka- | ndakakuta |
| Recent Past Continuous | -ali-ku- | ndalikukuta |
| Habitual Past Continuous | -akali-ku- | Ndakalikukuta |
| Remote Past | -aka- | ndakakuta |
| Near Future | -la- | Ndilakuta |
| Simple Future | -ya-ku--a | Ndiyakukuta |
| Future Habitual | -niku--a | ndinikukuta |
| Extended Future | -yaku--a | ndiyakukuta |
Tonal system
Tonga is a tonal language, with high and low-toned syllables. The placement of the tones is complex and differs from that of other Bantu languages; for example, a syllable which is low in Tonga may be high in the cognate word in other Bantu languages and vice versa. Several scholars, beginning with A. E. Meeussen in 1963, have tried to discover the rules for where to place the tones.One feature of the tonal system is that high tones tend to get disassociated from their original place and move to the left, as is illustrated in these examples:
- íbúsi 'smoke'
- ibusu 'flour'
The above example of a noun is relatively easy to explain. However, the tones of the verbal system are more complex. An example of one of the puzzles discussed by both Meeussen and Goldsmith can be seen below:
- ndi-la-lang-a 'I look at'
- ba-la-lang-a 'they look at'
- ndi-la-bon-a 'I see'
- ba-lá-bon-a 'they see'
Some scholars, such as Carter and Goldsmith, have analysed Tonga as having both tones and accents. Others, such as Pulleyblank, analyse the same data purely in terms of tonal rules, without the need to introduce accents.