Topological excitations
Topological excitations are certain features of classical solutions of gauge field theories.
Namely, a gauge field theory on a manifold with a gauge group may possess classical solutions with a topological invariant called topological charge. The term topological excitation especially refers to a situation when the topological charge is an integral of a localized quantity.
Examples:
1),, the topological charge is called magnetic flux.
2),, the topological charge is called magnetic charge.
The concept of a topological excitation is almost synonymous with that of a topological defect.
