Treemapping


In information visualization and computing, treemapping is a method for displaying hierarchical data using nested figures, usually rectangles.
results in Florida by county, on a color spectrum from Democratic blue to Republican red

Main idea

Treemaps display hierarchical data as a set of nested rectangles. Each branch of the tree is given a rectangle, which is then tiled with smaller rectangles representing sub-branches. A leaf node's rectangle has an area proportional to a specified dimension of the data. Often the leaf nodes are colored to show a separate dimension of the data.
-generated treemap visualizing hard disk space usage
When the color and size dimensions are correlated in some way with the tree structure, one can often easily see patterns that would be difficult to spot in other ways, such as whether a certain color is particularly relevant. A second advantage of treemaps is that, by construction, they make efficient use of space. As a result, they can legibly display thousands of items on the screen simultaneously.

Tiling algorithms

To create a treemap, one must define a tiling algorithm, that is, a way to divide a region into sub-regions of specified areas. Ideally, a treemap algorithm would create regions that satisfy the following criteria:
  1. A small aspect ratio—ideally close to one. Regions with a small aspect ratio are easier to perceive.
  2. Preserve some sense of the ordering in the input data.
  3. Change to reflect changes in the underlying data.
Unfortunately, these properties have an inverse relationship. As the aspect ratio is optimized, the order of placement becomes less predictable. As the order becomes more stable, the aspect ratio is degraded.

Rectangular treemaps

To date, six primary rectangular treemap algorithms have been developed:
AlgorithmOrderAspect ratiosStability
BinaryTreepartially orderedhighstable
Mixed Treemapsunorderedloweststable
Ordered and Quantumpartially orderedmediummedium stability
Slice And Diceorderedvery highstable
Squarifiedunorderedlowestmedium stability
Striporderedmediummedium stability

Convex treemaps

Rectangular treemaps have the disadvantage that their aspect ratio might be arbitrarily high in the worst case. As a simple example, if the tree root has only two children, one with weight and one with weight, then the aspect ratio of the smaller child will be, which can be arbitrarily high.
To cope with this problem, several algorithms have been proposed that use regions that are general convex polygons, not necessarily rectangular.
Convex treemaps were developed in several steps, each step improved the upper bound on the aspect ratio. The bounds are given as a function of - the total number of nodes in the tree, and - the total depth of the tree.
1. Onak and Sidiropoulos proved an upper bound of.
2. De-Berg and Onak and Sidiropoulos improve the upper bound to, and prove a lower bound of.
3. De-Berg and Speckmann and van-der-Weele improve the upper bound to, matching the theoretical lower bound.
The latter two algorithms operate in two steps :
In convex treemaps, the aspect ratio cannot be constant - it grows with the depth of the tree.
To attain a constant aspect-ratio, Orthoconvex treemaps can be used. There, all regions are orthoconvex rectilinear polygons with aspect ratio at most 64; and the leaves are either rectangles with aspect ratio at most 8, or L-shapes or S-shapes with aspect ratio at most 32.
Voronoi Treemaps - based on Voronoi diagram calculations. The algorithm is iterative and does not give any upper bound on the aspect ratio.
Jigsaw Treemaps - based on the geometry of space-filling curves. They assume that the weights are integers and that their sum is a square number. The regions of the map are rectilinear polygons and highly non-ortho-convex. Their aspect ratio is guaranteed to be at most 4.
GosperMaps - based on the geometry of Gosper curves. It is ordered and stable, but has a very high aspect ratio.

History

Area-based visualizations have existed for decades. For example, mosaic plots use rectangular tilings to show joint distributions. The main distinguishing feature of a treemap, however, is the recursive construction that allows it to be extended to hierarchical data with any number of levels. This idea was invented by professor Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland Human – Computer Interaction Lab in the early 1990s.
Shneiderman and his collaborators then deepened the idea by introducing a variety of interactive techniques for filtering and adjusting treemaps.
These early treemaps all used the simple "slice-and-dice" tiling algorithm. Despite many desirable properties, the slice-and-dice method often produces tilings with many long, skinny rectangles. In 1994 Mountaz Hascoet and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon invented a "squarifying" algorithm, later popularized by Jarke van Wijk, that created tilings whose rectangles were closer to square. In 1999 Martin Wattenberg used a variation of the "squarifying" algorithm that he called "pivot and slice" to create the first Web-based treemap, the SmartMoney Map of the Market, which displayed data on hundreds of companies in the U.S. stock market. Following its launch, treemaps enjoyed a surge of interest, especially in financial contexts.
A third wave of treemap innovation came around 2004, after Marcos Weskamp created the Newsmap, a treemap that displayed news headlines. This example of a non-analytical treemap inspired many imitators, and introduced treemaps to a new, broad audience. In recent years, treemaps have made their way into the mainstream media, including usage by the New York Times.
The produced 12 framed images for the National Academies, shown the in Washington, DC and another set for the collection of Museum of Modern Art in New York.