UK deaths in custody


Deaths in custody, including police and prison custody, are subject to great concern for a number of reasons, including the intrinsically vulnerable nature of some of those in custody, and the power imbalance inherent in the situation. Deaths in custody in England and Wales are looked at by inquests, and when it is possible that the state failed to protect the deceased's life are scrutinised using the 'right to life'.
Inquest is an independent focusing predominantly on death's in custody. Working in England and Wales the charity supports families bereaved by state related deaths, including deaths in police and prison custody. They are the only charity of their kind in the UK.

Statistics

The Independent Police Complaints Commission publishes .
The Ministry of Justice publishes quarterly '' looking at deaths and incidents of self-harm and violence in prisons in England and Wales. In the year up to March 2017 this statistical report showed the highest number of deaths in prison on record, with the rate of self-inflicted deaths more than doubling since 2013, and the number of incidents of self-harm reaching a record high. There were 113 self-inflicted deaths in the 12 months up to March 2017, 10 of which were in the female estate.
The charity Inquest monitors statistics and updates on deaths in police custody, prison and immigration detention, regularly updating live statistical tables on
The Home Office does not regularly publish information on deaths in immigration detention, but campaigners and monitoring bodies keep track and found 2017 has been the deadliest year on record of immigration detainees.
The Youth Justice Board reports on deaths of children in child prisons and secure children's homes in their remit.

Independent Review into Deaths and Serious Incidents in Police Custody, 2017

In October 2017 the UK government published the first ever , known as the Angiolini Review, after the author Dame Elish Angiolini QC. Inquest's director Deborah Coles was special adviser to the review. The report made over 100 recommendations on policing, mental health provision, and post-death investigations and inquests including that such deaths should be investigated "with the same haste and mindset as homicides" and that families bereaved by a death in custody should receive non means-tested public funding for legal representation during investigations and inquest's into custody deaths. Other recommendations included:
The report was commissioned in July 2015 by Theresa May in her former role as Home Secretary. She announced the review after meeting the families of Sean Rigg and Olaseni 'Seni' Lewis, saying: "As Home Secretary, I have been struck by the pain and suffering of families still looking for answers. That is why I set up this independent review and I’m grateful to Dame Elish and Deborah Coles, as special advisor to the chair, for agreeing to take on this important work."
The charity Inquest advised the review after years of lobbying for it to take place. They welcomed the report as "an opportunity to save lives". However the report was due to be published in January 2017 and the Home Office faced widespread criticism from Inquest and other charities and campaigners for delaying its publication, including in to Amber Rudd published in the Guardian in July 2017 which was signed by over 30 organisations. During the 10-month delay to publish the review, the deaths of Rashan Charles and Edson Da Costa in contact with London's Metropolitan Police reignited widespread public concern about deaths in custody, particularly those concerning restraint related deaths of young Black men.

Deaths of children and young adults in prisons

Up to date statistics on the deaths of young adults in prisons are kept by Inquest on . The Youth Justice Board reports on deaths of children in prisons in their remit.
There have been a small number of little publicised deaths in secure children's homes, as well as deaths in STCs and YOIs.
In the year ending March 2016, there were no self-inflicted deaths of children in youth justice prisons according to the YJB. There was one death in July 2015, of 16-year-old Daniel Adewole at HMYOI Cookham Wood. Daniel's death was classified as death by 'natural causes' as he died following an epileptic fit, however the coroner at his inquest highlighted failures of prison staff in properly responding to the death. Coroner Patricia Harding concluded that prison officers should have entered the cell of Daniel Adewole much sooner as officers waited 38 minutes after they first received no response at Daniel’s cell door, before opening his door where he was found unconscious following an epileptic fit.
Prior to that, there were three deaths during the year ending March 2012. Between the years ending March 2006 and March 2016, there were six deaths.
Between 1990 and 2004, 25 children killed themselves in prison and two died in secure training centres. On 19 April 2004 a 15-year-old boy, Gareth Myatt, died while being restrained by guards at Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre which at the time was run by G4S. Several months afterwards on 9 August 2004, Adam Rickwood, 14, died of a self-inflicted death at the Hassockfield Secure Training Centre, hours after being restrained by staff. The inquest jury into Adam's death did not find a direct link between the restraint and his death, but it was clear that this was a distressing incident and critics drew links between the incident and his suicide.

''Harris Review: Changing Prisons, Saving Lives''

Chaired by Lord Toby Harris and published in July 2015, is an independent review into self-inflicted deaths in custody of 18 to 24 year olds from 1 April 2007 to 31 December 2013. It made 108 recommendations to strengthen the protection of young people in prisons and support learning after self-inflicted deaths in prison. The report was welcomed by campaigners, calling it a 'watershed moment'. However the in December 2017, rejecting 33 of the recommendations and simply stating ‘agree’, ‘agree in part’, ‘agree in principle’, or claiming the recommendation was beyond its remit or ‘subject to wider reforms for the majority of the rest. The majority of recommendations are yet to be implemented.

List of campaigns around people who have died in custody in the UK