Uma language

Phonology

Consonants

• acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels.
• is realized as retroflex contiguous to non-front vowels.
• is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.
• In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, is pronounced.
• The semivowel is rare, found mainly in loan words.
• The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

• is 'w'
• is 'ny'
• is 'ng'
• is 'y'
• is 'j'
• is 'c'
• is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

  Vowels

Pronouns

• ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
• 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
• means 'singular' and means 'plural.' means 'plural exclusive' and means 'plural inclusive.'
• means that ∅ is a proclitic.
• means that ∅ is an enclitic.
• In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives and are and respectively.
• In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives and are and respectively. The free forms and are and respectively.

  Numerals

1. isaʔ
2. dua
3. tolu
4. opoʔ
5. lima
6. ono
7. pitu
8. walu
9. sio
10. hampuluʔ

    Classification of Uma varieties

• Bana
• Benggaulu
• Kantewu
• Aria
• Tobaku
• Tolee'
• Winatu

• Kantewu
• Southern
• Tolee'
• Tobaku
• Winatu
• Tori'untu

• Sarudu
• Benggaulu