Under the Volcano (film)


Under the Volcano is a 1984 American drama film directed by John Huston, written by playwright Guy Gallo, and starring Albert Finney, Jacqueline Bisset, Anthony Andrews, and Katy Jurado. It is based on the semi-autobiographical 1947 novel by English writer Malcolm Lowry. The film follows the last 24 hours in the life of Geoffrey Firmin, an alcoholic British former consul in the small Mexican town of Quauhnahuac on the Day of the Dead in 1938.
The film premiered at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or. It received Oscar nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Original Score and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.

Plot

In 1938, Geoffrey Firmin is an alcoholic former British consul to Quauhnahuac, Mexico, despondent from the yearlong absence of his wife Yvonne. She returns on the Day of the Dead to find him drunk at a bar, and their reunion is terse, with Yvonne asking why Geoffrey never responded to her letters, and she refuses to answer whether she's back permanently or simply visiting. He promises to stop drinking, but he's feels unable to hold himself to it, and runs out into the street and falls down drunk.
Geoffrey's half-brother Hugh, a war correspondent, arrives and tells Yvonne that a minor injury from covering the Spanish Civil War has brought him back to Mexico. Yvonne confides in him about her husband's alcoholism; it's gotten worse but she wants the two to reconcile. When Geoffrey suggests they go to the theater, Hugh tries to leave to make things easier, but Geoffrey insists he stay.
As they walk to the theater, Yvonne stops to admire the volcano on the edge of the village and Geoffrey suggests they climb it later. After running into his physician friend Dr. Vigil, Geoffrey leaves Yvonne with him at the carnival as he goes out to get a drink. On the bus ride to the volcano, Yvonne, Geoffrey and Hugh stop for lunch at a mountain café overlooking a bullfighting ring, where Hugh reminisces about the fallen colleagues he left in Spain. Hugh makes his way to the ring and grabs the red cape from the matador, jousting with the bull. The crowd is jubilant and hoists Hugh in the air. Caught up in the swell of emotion, Yvonne suggests to her husband that they give their relationship a fresh start in a new city.
Geoffrey agrees and describes an idyllic retirement, living with Eskimos. Geoffrey adds that when Hugh visits, he will practice the Eskimo custom of sharing his wife. Ignoring Yvonne’s pained look, Geoffrey lashes out about a past affair between Yvonne and Hugh and then stalks off. Hugh fears that Geoffrey will not let them forget about their affair even though it is over. Through her tears, Yvonne searches for her husband, but Geoffrey boards a bus before she can find him.
Geoffrey walks into a brothel tucked in the side of a mountain, where a pimp pretends to recognize him and buys him drinks. Meanwhile, the owner of a bird that has just won a cockfight walks in and hands Geoffrey a stack of Yvonne’s letters. In a daze, Geoffrey reads Yvonne’s letters, which reveal that she is sorry for the affair and wants a second chance. Aloud, he confesses that he cannot forgive her. The pimp sends one of his girls to seduce Geoffrey and she takes him into a back room. Yvonne and Hugh arrive at the brothel, but the pimp tells them that Geoffrey is with a girl. Distraught, Yvonne leaves.
Sometime later, Geoffrey stumbles out of the brothel but the rain discourages him and he returns. Some men, claiming to be Federales, take his money and ask for his passport but when they take his letters, Geoffrey grabs a machete and a fight breaks out. A drunken Geoffrey is shot and killed when he accuses a Federale of sleeping with Yvonne, who runs back to the brothel at the sound of gunshots, but a skittish horse knocks her down and kills her. The Federales kick Geoffrey’s body down a ravine, while Hugh cradles Yvonne’s lifeless body in the rain.

Cast

Development

In the late 1950s, Under the Volcano author Malcolm Lowry adapted his novel into a screenplay and attempted to interest Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to produce it after being hired to adapt F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. The studio passed and Lowry died in 1957. Actor Zachary Scott optioned the novel in 1962, but after he passed his widow sold the rights to brothers Robert and Raymond Hakim.
The Hakims spent $400,000 and began hiring talent, including director Alan Bridges and actors Richard Burton and Richard Chamberlain, and scouting filming locations in Almería, Spain, when Lowry's widow Marjorie determined that she had been excluded from creative consulting as stipulated in her contract, and filed a lawsuit, withdrawing the brothers’ film rights.Several prominent directors, including Jules Dassin, Ken Russell, Joseph Losey, Jerzy Skolimowski, and Luis Buñuel all expressed interest in helming the project but all passed.
Producer Wieland Schulz-Keil, a longtime admirer of Lowry’s novel, bought the film rights in early 1982 and approached director John Huston on the set of Annie. The novel had long been considered impossible to film because its characters express themselves through considerable “internal dialogues.” Huston had been interested in adapting the novel for more than thirty years and had rejected more than twenty potential screenplays.
Guy Gallo, a playwright who had never writtten a screenplay before, had penned two papers on Malcolm Lowry as a Yale University graduate student, and was inspired to write a speculative screenplay. He received additional encouragement from Paul Bluhdorn, a friend from his undergraduate days at Harvard University, who was now a production executive at Paramount Pictures, and the son of Charles Bluhdorn, former head of Gulf & Western, then parent company of Paramount. As events unfolded, it was the producing team of Schulz-Keil and Moritz Borman who delivered Gallo’s script to Huston.
Encouraged by the economy of Gallo’s writing, in July 1982 Huston teamed with the younger writer in for two weeks, during which the men revised the screenplay scene by scene. Later, they moved to Huston’s home in Puerto Vallarta, for extensive line-by-line revisions. According to Gallo, the two spent five months working on the script. The intention of the collaborators was to look for ways to simplify the characters, retain sympathy for the protagonist, replace internal monologues with action, and compress the story into a twenty-four hour timeframe. To date, it is Gallo's only produced screenplay.

Casting

was cast in the lead role of Geoffrey Firmin, Jacqueline Bisset as his wife Yvonne, and Anthony Andrews as his half-brother Hugh. Firmin's friend Dr. Vigil was played by Ignacio López Tarso, an actor lesser known to English-speaking audiences but highly recognized by Mexican ones as one of the top stars of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, winning the Ariel Award for Best Actor in 1973 for the Roberto Gavaldón film Rosa Blanca. The supporting cast includes several prominent Mexican filmmaking personalities, including director and occasional actor Emilio Fernández, cult film icon Hugo Stiglitz, and veteran actress Katy Jurado.

Filming

Principal photography began on August 8, 1983 in the village of Yautepec de Zaragoza, a short car ride from Cuernavaca. Huston filmed most of the scenes in sequence, due to the destructive descent of the lead character, Geoffrey.
Huston chose Yautepec to double for Cuernavaca because its 18th-century architecture had the right feel and could be filmed without additional construction. The town’s central square was used to film the Day of the Dead festivities, and a local hotel was given murals, new doors, and lamps to create the Bella Vista Hotel. A residence known as “the Netzahualcoyotl House” in the older section of Cuernavaca that was once part of an old convent was used as Geoffrey Firmin’s home, while the Red Cross ball was filmed at Cocoyoc, a resort area with a storied history, having once been conquistador Hernán Cortés’s private estate, a Dominican monastery, and a 16th century sugar mill that was destroyed by Emiliano Zapata in 1916 during the Mexican Revolution. Later, the property was converted into a resort. The dining room at Cocoyoc was used to film interiors of the Bella Vista Hotel.
The Hacienda de San Jose Vista Hermosa, Cortez’s summer palace on the shores of Lake Tequesquitengo, was where the production built a bullring and filmed bullfight sequences. The production chose a site located just outside the village of Metepec to construct El Farolito, a brothel. An actual El Farolito existed in the “red light district of old Cuernavaca,” but it was rejected because of its dilapidated state and the physical surroundings did not match its description in the book.
The shooting schedule, running from late summer to early fall 1983, prevented production designer Gunther Gerzso from acquiring African marigolds used during the Day of the Dead because the flowers do not bloom naturally until late October or early November. Instead, Gerzso used 30,000 paper marigolds combined with hothouse-grown marigolds and mubes, a white flower, for the holiday sequences.

Reception

The film was entered into the 1984 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or.
Upon general release, it received generally positive from critics. Reviewing in The New York Times, Janet Maslin had much praise for Finney's performance. Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times praised the film for being “vigorous” and “confident." Richard Schickel’s review in Time magazine stated that Huston’s “unselfconscious and objective” style of filmmaking brought clarity to Lowry’s story, and praised Albert Finney’s acting for drawing viewers into a difficult plot. Merrill Shindler for Los Angeles magazine agreed that Finney turned in a strong, nuanced performance, but lavished his greatest praise for Huston’s storytelling and his ability to capture “the dreamworld of Mexican life”.
A negative review from David Denby in New York magazine article labeled the film “a failure” because Huston had not been able to translate the thoughts of tragic hero, Geoffrey Firmin, into a satisfying cinematic story. Denby found Finney’s performance technically brilliant, but the script only captured a fraction of the symbolism and interior thoughts of Lowry’s novel. In a review for Commonweal, Foster Hirsch described Lowry’s book as “a Mount Everest that filmmakers have wanted to scale.”

Accolades

The film was enthusiastically received, and was nominated for several awards.

Academy Awards

Related documentary films

Huston's drama has sometimes been shown in tandem with an earlier documentary film: is a National Film Board of Canada feature-length documentary produced by Donald Brittain and Robert A. Duncan and directed by Brittain and John Kramer. It opens with the inquest into Lowry's "death by misadventure," and then moves back in time to trace the writer's life. Selections from Lowry's novel are read by Richard Burton amid images shot in Mexico, the United States, Canada and England.
There are two documentaries about the making of the Huston film: Gary Conklin's 56-minute Notes from Under the Volcano and the 82-minute Observations Under the Volcano, directed by Christian Blackwood.