The Government Printing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23, 1860. It began operations March 4, 1861, with 350 employees and reached a peak employment of 8,500 in 1972. The agency began transformation to computer technology in the 1980s; along with the gradual replacement of paper with electronic document distribution, this has led to a steady decline in the number of staff at the agency. For its entire history, the GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. The large red brick building that houses the GPO was erected in 1903 and is unusual in being one of the few large, red brick government structures in a city where most government buildings are mostly marble and granite. An additional structure was attached to its north in later years. The activities of the GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of the United States Code. The Director, who serves as the head of the GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Director selects a Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent of Documents is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO. This is accomplished through the Federal Depository Library Program, the Cataloging and Indexing Program and the Publication Sales Program, as well as operation of the Federal Citizen Information Center in Pueblo, Colorado. Adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system. The GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991 to 1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk and Michael DiMario. The GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009. In March 2011, the GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agency's 150 years of "Keeping America Informed". With demand for print publications falling and a move underway to digital document production and preservation, the name of the GPO was officially changed to "Government Publishing Office" in a provision of an omnibus government funding bill passed by Congress in December 2014. Following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama, the name change took place on December 17, 2014.
Public Printers of the United States
By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO. The position of Public Printer traces its roots back to Benjamin Franklin and the period before the American Revolution, when he served as "publick printer", whose job was to produce official government documents for Pennsylvania and other colonies. When the agency was renamed in December 2014 the title "Public Printer" was also changed to "Director". Davita Vance-Cooks was therefore the first "Director" of the GPO. Public Printers:
Almon M. Clapp
John D. Defrees
Sterling P. Rounds
Thomas E. Benedict
Frank W. Palmer
Thomas E. Benedict
Frank W. Palmer, O.J. Ricketts
Charles A. Stillings, William S. Rossiter, Capt. Henry T. Brian
John S. Leech
Samuel B. Donnelly
Cornelius Ford
George H. Carter
Augustus E. Giegengack, John J. Deviny
John J. Deviny, Phillip L. Cole
Raymond Blattenberger, John M. Wilson, Felix E. Cristofane
James L. Harrison
Adolphus N. Spence, Harry J. Humphrey, L.T. Golden
Thomas F. McCormick
John J. Boyle, Samuel Saylor
Danford L. Sawyer, Jr., William J. Barrett
Ralph E. Kennickell, Jr., Joseph E. Jenifer
Robert Houk, Michael F. DiMario
Michael F. DiMario
Bruce James, William H. Turri
Robert C. Tapella
William J. Boarman
Davita Vance-Cooks
Hugh N. Halpern
Published government documents
Official journals of government
The GPO contracts out much of the federal government's printing but prints the official journals of government in-house, including:
Code of Federal Regulations
Public and Private Laws
The Congressional Record
The Federal Register, which is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of Federal agencies and organizations.
GPO has been producing U.S. passports since the 1920s. The United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. The e-Passport includes an electronic chip embedded in the cover that contains the same information that is printed in the passport: name, date and place of birth, sex, dates of passport issuance and expiration, passport number, and photo of the bearer. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and processes applications and issues individual passports. GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports. In March 2008, the Washington Times published a three-part story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies, including one in Thailand that was subject to Chinese espionage.
GPO publishes the U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual. Among the venerable series are Foreign Relations of the United States for the Department of State, and Public Papers of the Presidents, covering the administrations of Presidents Herbert Hoover onward. GPO published the Statistical Abstract of the United States for the Census Bureau from 1878 to 2012.
GPO Police
Security for GPO facilities is provided by the Government Publishing Office Police. The force is part of the GPO's Physical Security Group and in 2003 had 53 officers. Officers are appointed under Title 44 USC § 317 by the Public Printer. Their duty is to "protect persons and property in premises and adjacent areas occupied by or under the control of the Government Printing Office". Officers are authorized to bear and use arms in the performance of their duties, make arrests for violations of federal and state law, and enforce the regulations of the Public Printer, including requiring the removal from GPO premises of individuals who violate such regulations. Officers have concurrent jurisdiction with the law enforcement agencies where the premises are located.
