Upgrader


An upgrader is a facility that upgrades bitumen into synthetic crude oil. Upgrader plants are typically located close to oil sands production, for example, the Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, Canada or the Orinoco tar sands in Venezuela.

Processes

Upgrading means using fractional distillation and/or chemical treatment to convert bitumen so it can be handled by oil refineries. At a minimum, this means reducing its viscosity so that it can be pumped through pipelines. However this process often also includes separating out heavy fractions and reducing sulfur, nitrogen and metals like nickel and vanadium.
Upgrading may involve multiple processes:
Research into using biotechnology to perform some of these processes at lower temperatures and cost is ongoing.