Võro is a language belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Traditionally, it has been considered a dialect of the South Estonian dialect group of the Estonian language, but nowadays it has its own literary standard and is in search of official recognition as an indigenous regional language of Estonia. Võro has roughly 75,000 speakers mostly in southeastern Estonia, in the eight parishes of the historical Võru County: Karula, Harglõ, Urvastõ, Rõugõ, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpinä and Vahtsõliina. These parishes are currently centred in Võru and Põlva counties, with parts extending into Valga and Tartu counties. Speakers can also be found in the towns of Tallinn and Tartu and the rest of Estonia.
History
Võro is a descendant of the old South Estonian regional language and is the least influenced by Standard Estonian. Võro was once spoken further south and east of historical Võromaa in South Estonian-speaking enclaves Lutsi, Leivu and Kraasna in what is now Latvia and Russia. In addition to Võro, other contemporary variants of South Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu and Seto dialect. One of the earliest written evidences of South Estonian is a translation of the New Testament published in 1686. Although the status of South Estonian began to diminish after the 1880s, the language began to undergo a revival in the late 1980s.
Present situation
Today, Võro is used in the works of some of Estonia's best-known playwrights, poets, and authors. One newspaper is printed in Võro: the fortnightly Uma Leht. Twenty sixpublic schools offer weekly special classes in modern Võro. Estonia's contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the song "Tii", which was performed by Neiokõsõ in Võro. The language is endangered, and according to Kadri Koreinik this is due to the government's lack of legal commitment to protect the language.
Orthography
Võro employs the Latin script, like Estonian and Finnish. Most letters denote the same sounds as in Estonian, with a few exceptions. The letter q stands for the glottal stop and y denotes, a vowel very close to Russianы or Polishy. Palatalization of consonants is marked with an acute accent or apostrophe. In proper typography and in handwriting, the palatalisation mark does not extend above the cap height, and it is written above the letter if the letter has no ascender but written to the right of it otherwise. In computing, it is not usually possible to enter these character combinations or to make them look esthetically pleasing with most common fonts, so the apostrophe is generally placed after the letter in all cases. This convention is followed in this article as well.
Phonology
Vowels
Vowel harmony
Võro has preserved the system of vowel harmony that was present in Proto-Finnic. This distinguishes it from Estonian and some other Finnic languages, which have lost it. The vowel harmony system distinguishes front, back and neutral vowels, much like the system found in Finnish. A word cannot contain both front and back vowels; suffixes automatically adapt the backness of the vowels depending on the type of vowels found in the word it is attached to. Neutral vowels can be combined with either type of vowel, although a word that contains only neutral vowels has front vowel harmony. The only neutral vowel is i, like in Votic but unlike Finnish and Karelian, where e is also neutral.
The vowel ɨ is considered a back vowel for harmony purposes, but does not participate in harmony itself, as it does not occur in suffixes and endings.
Some examples, with Estonian and Finnish included for comparison:
Võro
Estonian
Finnish
Meaning
külä
küla
kylä
village
küsünüq
küsinud
kysynyt
has asked
hõbõhõnõ
hõbedane
hopeinen
silver
Consonants
All Võro consonants can be palatalized. The glottal stop is a very common sound in Võro.
Grammar
Nouns
Endings are shown only in the back vowel harmony variant. The e of the illative ending does not undergo vowel harmony, so it never changes to õ. Only the more common endings are shown. There are some unusual/irregular endings that are only found in a few words or word types. Notes:
The accusative is not usually considered a separate case in Võro grammars, as it is always identical to either the nominative or the genitive.
When an ending beginning with d is attached to a stem ending in an obstruent, it is devoiced to t automatically.
Verbs
The 3rd person singular of the indicative mood can be either without an ending or, alternatively, with an s-ending:
Võro
Estonian
Finnish
Meaning
kirotas
kirjutab
kirjoittaa
writes
and
annab
antaa
gives
Among the Finnic languages, such double verb conjugation can be found only in the South Estonian and Karelian languages.
Negation
Võro has a negative particle that is appended to the end of the verb, whereas standard Estonian and Finnish have a negative verb, which precedes the verb. In Estonian and Finnish, the negative verb ei is used in both present and past negation, whereas in Võro the same is expressed by different particles ending with -i or -s:
