VCAM-1


Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 or cluster of differentiation 106 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene. VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule.

Structure

The VCAM-1 gene contains six or seven immunoglobulin domains, and is expressed on both large and small blood vessels only after the endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. It is alternatively spliced into two known RNA transcripts that encode different isoforms in humans. The gene product is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein, a type I membrane protein that is a member of the Ig superfamily.

Function

The VCAM-1 protein mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction, and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs as a result of increased gene transcription and Interleukin-1 ) and through stabilization of Messenger RNA . The promoter region of the VCAM-1 gene contains functional tandem NF-κB sites. The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours.
Primarily, the VCAM-1 protein is an endothelial ligand for VLA-4 of the β1 subfamily of integrins. VCAM-1 expression has also been observed in other cell types. It has also been shown to interact with EZR and Moesin.
CD106 also exists on the surface of some subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Pharmacology

Certain melanoma cells can use VCAM-1 to adhere to the endothelium,, VCAM-1 may participate in monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic sites, and it is highly overexpressed in the inflamed brain. As a result, VCAM-1 is a potential drug target.