VMEbus


VMEbus is a computer bus standard, originally developed for the Motorola 68000 line of CPUs, but later widely used for many applications and standardized by the IEC as ANSI/IEEE 1014-1987. It is physically based on Eurocard sizes, mechanicals and connectors, but uses its own signalling system, which Eurocard does not define. It was first developed in 1981 and continues to see widespread use today.

History

In 1979, during development of the Motorola 68000 CPU, one of their engineers, Jack Kister, decided to set about creating a standardized bus system for 68000-based systems. The Motorola team brainstormed for days to select the name VERSAbus. VERSAbus cards were large,, and used edge connectors. Only a few products adopted it, including the IBM System 9000 instrument controller and the Automatix robot and machine vision systems.
Kister was later joined by John Black, who refined the specifications and created the VERSAmodule product concept. A young engineer working for Black, Julie Keahey designed the first VERSAmodule card, the VERSAbus Adaptor Module, used to run existing cards on the new VERSAbus. Sven Rau and Max Loesel of Motorola-Europe added a mechanical specification to the system, basing it on the Eurocard standard that was then late in the standardization process. The result was first known as VERSAbus-E but was later renamed to VMEbus, for VERSAmodule Eurocard bus.
At this point, a number of other companies involved in the 68000's ecosystem agreed to use the standard, including Signetics, Philips, Thomson, and Mostek. Soon it was officially standardized by the IEC as the IEC 821 VMEbus and by ANSI and IEEE as ANSI/IEEE 1014-1987.
The original standard was a 16-bit bus, designed to fit within the existing Eurocard DIN connectors. However, there have been several updates to the system to allow wider bus widths. The current VME64 includes a full 64-bit bus in 6U-sized cards and 32-bit in 3U cards. The VME64 protocol has a typical performance of 40 MB/s. Other associated standards have added hot-swapping in VME64x, smaller 'IP' cards that plug into a single VMEbus card, and various interconnect standards for linking VME systems together.
In the late 1990s, synchronous protocols proved to be favourable. The research project was called VME320. The VITA Standards Organization called for a new standard for unmodified VME32/64 backplanes. The new 2eSST protocol was approved in ANSI/VITA 1.5 in 1999.
Over the years, many extensions have been added to the VME interface, providing 'sideband' channels of communication in parallel to VME itself. Some examples are IP Module, RACEway Interlink, SCSA, Gigabit Ethernet on VME64x Backplanes, PCI Express, RapidIO, StarFabric and InfiniBand.
VMEbus was also used to develop closely related standards, VXIbus and VPX.
The VMEbus had a strong influence on many later computer buses such as STEbus.

VME Early Years (from ANSI/IEEE Std 1014-1987 and ANSI/VITA 1-1994)

The architectural concepts of the VMEbus are based on VERSAbus, developed in the late 1970s by Motorola. Motorola's European Microsystems group in Munich, West Germany, proposed the development of a VERSAbus-like product line based on the Eurocard mechanical standard. To demonstrate the concept, Max Loesel and Sven Rau developed three prototype boards: a 68000 CPU board; a dynamic memory board; a static memory board. They named the new bus VERSAbus-E. This was later renamed "VME", short for Versa Module European, by Lyman Hevle, then a VP with the Motorola Microsystems Operation.. In early 1981, Motorola, Mostek and Signetics agreed to jointly develop and support the new bus architecture. These companies were all early supporters of the 68000 microprocessor family.
John Black of Motorola, Craig MacKenna of Mostek and Cecil Kaplinsky of Signetics developed the first draft of the VMEbus specification. In October 1981, at the System '81 trade show in Munich, West Germany, Motorola, Mostek, Signetics/Philips, and Thomson CSF announced their joint support of the VMEbus. They also placed Revision A of the specification in the public domain. In August 1982, Revision B of the VMEbus specification was published by the newly formed VMEbus Manufacturers' Group. This new revision refined the electrical specifications for the signal line drivers and receivers and brought the mechanical specification further in line with the developing IEC 297 standard. In latter 1982, the French delegation of the International Electrotechnical Commission proposed Revision B of the VMEbus as an international standard. The IEC SC47B subcommittee nominated Mira Pauker of Philips, France, the chairperson of an editorial committee, thus formally starting international standardization of the VMEbus.
In March 1983, the IEEE Microprocessor Standards Committee requested authorization to establish a working group that could standardize the VMEbus in the US. This request was approved by the IEEE Standards Board and the P1014 Working Group was established. Wayne Fischer was appointed first chairman of the working group. John Black served as chairman of the P1014 Technical Subcommittee. The IEC, IEEE and VMEbus Manufacturers Group distributed copies of Revision B for comment and received the resulting requests for changes to the document. These comments made it clear that it was time to go past Revision B. In December 1983, a meeting was held that included John Black, Mira Pauker, Wayne Fischer and Craig MacKenna. It was agreed that a Revision C should be created and that it should take into consideration all the comments received by the three organizations. John Black and Shlomo Pri-Tal of Motorola incorporated the changes from all sources into a common document. The VMEbus Manufacturers Group labelled the document Revision C.1 and placed it in the public domain. The IEEE labelled it P1014 Draft 1.2 and the IEC labelled it IEC 821 Bus. Subsequent ballots in the IEEE P1014 Working Group and the MSC resulted in more comments and required that the IEEE P1014 draft be updated. This resulted in the ANSI/IEEE 1014-1987 specification.
In 1985, developed under contract for US TACOM, the first conduction-cooled 6U VMEbus board. Although electrically providing a compliant VMEbus protocol interface, mechanically, this board was not interchangeable for use in air-cooled lab VMEbus development chassis.
In late 1987, a technical committee was formed under VITA under the direction of IEEE to create the first military, conduction-cooled 6U x 160mm, fully electrically and mechanically compatible, VMEbus board co-chaired by Dale Young and Doug Patterson. ANSI/IEEE-1101.2-1992 was later ratified and released in 1992 and remains in place as the conduction-cooled, international standard for all 6U VMEbus products.
In 1989, John Peters of Performance Technologies Inc. developed the initial concept of VME64: multiplexing address and data lines on the VMEbus. The concept was demonstrated the same year and placed in the VITA Technical Committee in 1990 as a performance enhancement to the VMEbus specification. In 1991, the PAR for P1014R was granted by the IEEE. Ray Alderman, Technical Director of VITA, co-chaired the activity with Kim Clohessy of DY-4 Systems.
At the end of 1992, the additional enhancements to VMEbus required more work to complete this document. The VITA Technical Committee suspended work with the IEEE and sought accreditation as a standards developer organization with the American National Standards Institute. The original IEEE Par P1014R was subsequently withdrawn by the IEEE. The VITA Technical Committee returned to using the public domain VMEbus C.1 specification as their base-level document, to which they added new enhancements. This enhancement work was undertaken entirely by the VITA Technical Committee and resulted in ANSI/VITA 1-1994. The tremendous undertaking of the document editing was accomplished by Kim Clohessy of DY-4 Systems, the technical co-chair of the activity, with great help from Frank Hom who created the mechanical drawings and exceptional contributions by each chapter editor.
Additional enhancements proposed to the VME64 Subcommittee were placed in the VME64 Extensions Document. Two other activities began in late 1992: BLLI and VSLI.
In 1993, new activities began on the base-VME architecture, involving the implementation of high-speed serial and parallel sub-buses for use as I/O interconnections and data mover subsystems. These architectures can be used as message switches, routers and small multiprocessor parallel architectures.
VITA's application for recognition as an accredited standards developer organization of ANSI was granted in June 1993. Numerous other documents have been placed with VITA as the Public Domain Administrator of these technologies.
A more detailed timeline of VMEbus history can be found at the VITA website

Description

In many ways the VMEbus is equivalent or analogous to the pins of the 68000 run out onto a backplane.
However, one of the key features of the 68000 is a flat 32-bit memory model, free of memory segmentation and other "anti-features". The result is that, while VME is very 68000-like, the 68000 is generic enough to make this not an issue in most cases.
Like the 68000, VME uses separate 32-bit data and address buses. The 68000 address bus is actually 24-bit and the data bus 16-bit but the designers were already looking towards a full 32-bit implementation.
In order to allow both bus widths, VME uses two different Eurocard connectors - P1 and P2. P1 contains three rows of 32 pins each, implementing the first 24 address bits, 16 data bits and all of the control signals. P2 contains one more row, which includes the remaining 8 address bits and 16 data bits.
The bus is controlled by a set of nine lines, known as the arbitration bus. All communications are controlled by the card in slot one of the Eurocard chassis, known as the arbiter module. Two arbitration modes are supported - Round Robin and Prioritized.
Regardless of the arbitration mode, a card can attempt to become the bus master by holding one of the four Bus Request lines low. With round robin arbitration, the arbiter cycles amongst Bus Request lines BR0-BR3 to determine which of the potentially simultaneous requesters will be granted the bus. With priority arbitration, BR0-BR3 use a fixed priority scheme and the arbiter will grant the bus to the highest priority requestor.
When the arbiter has determined which of the bus requests to grant, it asserts the corresponding Bus Grant line for the level that won bus mastership. If two masters simultaneously request the bus using the same BR line, a bus grant daisy-chain effectively breaks the tie by granting the bus to the module closest to the arbiter. The master granted the bus will then indicate that the bus is in use by asserting Bus Busy.
At this point, the master has gained access to the bus. To write data, the card drives an address, an address modifier and data onto the bus. It then drives the address strobe line and the two data strobe lines low, to indicate the data is ready, and drives the write pin to indicate the transfer direction. There are two data strobes and an *LWORD line, so the cards can indicate if the data width is 8, 16, or 32 bits. The card at the bus address reads the data and pulls the data transfer acknowledge low line when the transfer can complete. If the transfer cannot complete, it can pull the bus error line low. Reading data is essentially the same but the controlling card drives the address bus, leaves the data bus tri-stated and drives the read pin. The slave card drives read data onto the data bus and drives the data strobe pins low when the data is ready. The signalling scheme is asynchronous, meaning that the transfer is not tied to the timing of a bus clock pin.
A block transfer protocol allows several bus transfers to occur with a single address cycle. In block transfer mode, the first transfer includes an address cycle and subsequent transfers require only data cycles. The slave is responsible for ensuring that these transfers use successive addresses.
Bus masters can release the bus in two ways. With Release When Done, the master releases the bus when it completes a transfer and must re-arbitrate for the bus before every subsequent transfer. With Release On Request, the master retains the bus by continuing to assert BBSY* between transfers. ROR allows the master to retain control over the bus until a Bus Clear is asserted by another master that wishes to arbitrate for the bus. Thus a master which generates bursts of traffic can optimize its performance by arbitrating for the bus on only the first transfer of each burst. This decrease in transfer latency comes at the cost of somewhat higher transfer latency for other masters.
Address modifiers are used to divide the VME bus address space into several distinct sub-spaces. The address modifier is a 6 bit wide set of signals on the backplane. Address modifiers specify the number of significant address bits, the privilege mode, and whether or not the transfer is a block transfer.
Below is an incomplete table of address modifiers:
Hex CodeFunctionExplanation
3fStandard Supervisory block transferBlock transfer A24, privileged
3eStandard Supervisory Program accessA24 instruction access, privileged
3dStandard Supervisor Data AccessA24 data access, privileged
3bStandard Non-privileged block transferA24 block transfer for normal programs
3aStandard Non-privileged Program accessA24 instruction access, non-privileged
39Standard non-privileged Data AccessA24 data access, non-privileged
2dShort supervisory AccessA16 privileged access.
29Short non-privileged AccessA16 non-privileged access.
0fExtended supervisory Block transferA32 privileged block transfer.
0eExtended supervisory Program accessA32 privileged instruction access.
0dExtended supervisory Data Access.A32 privileged data access.
0bExtended Non-privileged Block transferA32 non-privileged block transfer.
0aExtended Non-privileged Program accessA32 non-privileged instruction access.
09Extended non-privileged data access.A32 non-privileged data access.
NoteAn as in A16, A24, A32 refers to the width of the address

VME also decodes all seven of the 68000's interrupt levels onto a 7-pin interrupt bus. The interrupt scheme is one of prioritized vectored interrupts. The interrupt request lines prioritize interrupts. An interrupting module asserts one of the interrupt request lines. Any module on the bus may potentially handle
any interrupt. When an interrupt handling module recognizes an interrupt request at a priority it handles, it arbitrates for the bus in the usual fashion described above. It then performs a read of the interrupt vector by driving the binary version of the IRQ line it handles onto the address bus. It also asserts the IACK line, along with the appropriate data transfer strobes for the width of the status/ID being read. Again, LWORD*, DS0* and DS1* allow status/ID read cycles to be 8, 16, or 32 bit wide transfers but most existing hardware interrupters use 8 bit status/IDs. The interrupter responds by transferring a status/ID on the data bus to describe the interrupt. The interrupt handling module will usually use this status/ID number to identify and run the appropriate software interrupt service routine.
On the VME bus, all transfers are DMA and every card is a master or slave. In most bus standards, there is a considerable amount of complexity added in order to support various transfer types and master/slave selection. For instance, with the ISA bus, both of these features had to be added alongside the existing "channels" model, whereby all communications was handled by the host CPU. This makes VME considerably simpler at a conceptual level while being more powerful, though it requires more complex controllers on each card.

Development tools

When developing and/or troubleshooting the VME bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important. Logic analyzers and bus analyzers are tools which collect, analyze, decode, store signals so people can view the high-speed waveforms at their leisure.
VITA offers a comprehensive FAQ to assist with the front end design and development of VME systems.

Computers using a VMEbus

Computers using VMEbus include
Seen looking into backplane socket.
P1
Pinabc
1D00BBSY*D08
2D01BCLR*D09
3D02ACFAIL*D10
4D03BG0IN*D11
5D04BG0OUT*D12
6D05BG1IN*D13
7D06BG1OUT*D14
8D07BG2IN*D15
9GNDBG20UT*GND
10SYSCLKG3IN*SYSFAIL*
11GNDBG3OUT*BERR*
12DS1*BR0*SYSRESET*
13DS0*BR1*LWORD*
14WRITE*BR2*AM5
15GNDBR3*A23
16DTACK*AM0A22
17GNDAM1A21
18AS*AM2A20
19GNDAM3A19
20IACK*GNDA18
21IACKIN*SERCLKA17
22IACKOUT*SERDAT*A16
23AMGNDA15
24A07IRQ7*A14
25A06IRQ6*A13
26A05IRQ5*A12
27A04IRQ4*A11
28A03IRQ3*A10
29A02IRQ2*A09
30A01IRQ1*A08
31-12V+5VSTDBY+12V
32+5V+5V+5V

P2
Pinabc
1User Defined+5VUser Defined
2User DefinedGNDUser Defined
3User DefinedRESERVEDUser Defined
4User DefinedA24User Defined
5User DefinedA25User Defined
6User DefinedA26User Defined
7User DefinedA27User Defined
8User DefinedA28User Defined
9User DefinedA29User Defined
10User DefinedA30User Defined
11User DefinedA31User Defined
12User DefinedGNDUser Defined
13User Defined+5VUser Defined
14User DefinedD16User Defined
15User DefinedD17User Defined
16User DefinedD18User Defined
17User DefinedD19User Defined
18User DefinedD20User Defined
19User DefinedD21User Defined
20User DefinedD22User Defined
21User DefinedD23User Defined
22User DefinedGNDUser Defined
23User DefinedD24User Defined
24User DefinedD25User Defined
25User DefinedD26User Defined
26User DefinedD27User Defined
27User DefinedD28User Defined
28User DefinedD29User Defined
29User DefinedD30User Defined
30User DefinedD31User Defined
31User DefinedGNDUser Defined
32User Defined+5VUser Defined

P2 rows a and c can be used by a secondary bus, for example the STEbus.