In modern English, the nouns vates and ovate, are used as technical terms for ancient Celtic bards, prophets and philosophers. The terms correspond to a Proto-Celtic word which can be reconstructed as *wātis. They are sometimes also used as English equivalents to later Celtic terms such as Irishfáith "prophet, seer".
History of terminology
The terminology discussed in this article relates to an Old Celtic word which can be reconstructed as *wātis. This word is not directly attested, but is known from renderings into Greek and Latin and from its descendants in later Celtic languages. Vates in English is a borrowing of a Latin noun :wikt:vates|vātēs, 'prophet, poet'. This Latin noun was either a cognate of Celtic *wātis, or the Latin word was a loanword directly from Celtic. Despite being borrowed from the Latin form, the English word is generally used about ancient Celtic seers rather than Roman ones. Ovate in English is a borrowing and adaptation of a Greek rendering of the same Celtic term *wātis, first attested in the work of the Ancient Greek writer Strabo. Strabo rendered the Celtic term in Greek as ouáteis. The English word ovate is pronounced the way it is due to a misunderstanding of how the Greek word was pronounced. Proto-Celtic *wātis developed in medieval Irish as fáith "prophet, seer". Less directly, it is related to gwawd "panegyric" in Welsh. Celtic wātis is widely thought to have cognates in the Germanic languages, such as the Gothic term wods 'possessed'. If the Celtic word *wātis, the Latin vates, and similar Germanicwords are cognates rather than borrowings, they can be derived from an Indo-European word "seer". Virgil uses the Latin vannus "winnowing fan" for something borne about in the Bacchic festival, suggesting that the root may have had an ecstatic sense in Italic also. The likelihood of this etymology and its relevance to the wordvates is, however, doubtful.
History of the institution
Ancient Rome
The earliest Latin writers used vates to denote prophets and soothsayers in general; the word fell into disuse in Latin until it was revived by Virgil. Thus Ovid could describe himself as the vates of Eros. In pagan Rome the vates resided on the Vatican Hill, the Hill of the Vates. The Vatican Hill takes its name from the Latin word Vaticanus, a vaticiniis ferendis, in allusion to the oracles, or Vaticinia, which were anciently delivered on the Vatican Hill.
Celtic civilisation
According to the Ancient Greek writers Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, and Poseidonius, the vates were one of three classes of Celtic priesthood, the other two being the druids and the bards. The Vates had the role of s and performed sacrifices under the authority of a druid according to Roman and Christian interpretation.
Vates or Ovates make up one of the three grades of the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, a neo-druidism order based in England. An ovate is also the initial level one can attain in the modern Welsh Gorsedd of Bards. The Gorsedd is not a neo-druidic entity like the one mentioned above, but is more concerned with Welsh arts and culture; however, the ceremony and practices are largely based on reimaginings of druidism by Iolo Morganwg.
