After he developed an original refining process, Belgian industrialist Jean-Jacques Dony received a decree from the Napoleonic authorities in 1806, allowing him to mine the zinc ore deposit at La Vieille Montagne near Liege. At that time, the area belonged to the French département of the Ourthe. After Napoleon's defeat, in 1816 the département was divided between Prussia, the Netherlands and the neutral zone of Neu-Moresnet, which contained the zinc mine. The Société des Mines et Fonderies de Zinc de la Vieille-Montagne was created in 1837, after the independence of Belgium. The Belgian mine continued its operation until the end of the nineteenth century, when a workforce of 300 produced 8,500 ton of crude zinc annually. The company opened a second zinc mine in Zinkgruvan in Sweden, which is still in operation. It also ran a harbour in Åmmeberg to ship the zinc. The ore was shipped to another affiliate in Balen, Belgium. La miniera di Sa Duchessa Questa miniera di zinco, rame e piombo argentifero è ubicata a Nord di Domusnovas. La miniera di fu ceduta dalla Società Civile delle Miniere di Iglesias nel 1871 alla Società belga Vieille Montaigne, la quale investì subito ingenti capitali per costruire una serie di infrastrutture, ancora oggi visibili, per sfruttare i 290 ettari della concessione in un territorio impervio. Edificò anche 2 villaggi distinti per poter ospitare il personale dipendente nella prossimità del luogo di lavoro, ottimizzando le risorse. Il villaggio Sa Duchessa de Pitzus a 680 m slm e il villaggio Sa Duchessa a 340 m slm, separati da un imponente piano inclinato in pietra a secco, lungo 1 km, osservabile persino dal satellite. Il minerale estratto tramite pozzi gallerie e trincee, veniva trasportato anche mediante l'utilizzo di 3 piani inclinati, fino alla laveria per essere trattato: la laveria disponeva di 4 classificatori e di 10 crivelli a scossa, mossi da una macchina a vapore da 30 cv. Il minerale classificato veniva quindi inviato a 4 forni di calcinazione; in tale opificio lavoravano circa 150 persone fra uomini, donne e ragazzi. I prodotti della miniera venivano inviati a Domusnovas tramite carri a buoi, poi alla stazione ferroviaria di Musei e quindi al porto di Cagliari per essere imbarcati per il Belgio. Nel 1870 l'intenso sfruttamento minerario creò dei problemi di inquinamento ai torrenti che alimentavano le fontane e gli abbeveratoi del paese di Domusnovas, tanto che la Società Vieille Montaigne si vide costretta a ripulire periodicamente i torrenti a monte del paese e a costruire una serie di fontane ed una tubazione per convogliare l'acqua pulita all'interno del paese. Negli anni '30 vennero coltivati anche minerali di piombo e rame, poi nel 1936 subentrò la Società Anonima Rame Italiano. Infatti Benito Mussolini con il suo regime nazionalistico esautorò la Vieille Montaigne da ogni diritto sulla concessione mineraria, cacciando la società belga dal suolo italiano. The Société des Mines et Fonderies de Zinc de la Vieille-Montagne company of Belgium came to England in 1896, specifically to the small remote village of Nenthead in the Pennine Hills of Cumbria. The company survived two world wars and the inter-war economic depression, as well as fluctuations in the geological supply and market demand for zinc and lead. Then in 1949, after fifty-three years of operation, the VM sold its mineral leases, plant and equipment and left. In the department of Ariège in France, the VM company took the lease on the zinc mines at Bentaillou in the Pyrenees, also after World War II. The name became synonymous with zinc oxide and with rolled zinc, especially for building applications. The company was the world's oldest and also largest zinc producer, producing at its peak at least 149,000 tonnes per year. In 1989 Vieille Montagne was merged into the Union Minière group, based in Belgium, which became Umicore in 2003. The group continues its rolled zinc activity under the brand VMZinc, which still refers back to the historical link with Vieille Montagne.
Strike in Balen
In 1971 it was discovered the workmen in the other Belgian plants had a much higher salary for similar work. The workers in Balen wanted a raise. This led to a dispute between the workmen, the trade unions and the directors board. The 1500 workmen in Balen went on strike, but this was not accepted by the trade unions. As a result, the workmen were not paid. The strike went on for 9 weeks. Many charities were set up by inhabitants of Mol and Balen. Jef Sleeckx, a politician, convinced the banks to cancel payments temporarily for affected workmen. Landlords did not ask rent during the strike. All kind of shops gave food for free or gave the impacted workmen a temporary job. At the end, the directors board agreed and the workmen even got a higher wage than requested. The events in Balen were written in the theatre play and novel Groenten uit Balen by Walter van den Broeck. The book was filmed in 2012. All events regarding the strike did happen, all referenced places do/did exist, and only the family Debreucker is a fictive one.
