In June 1966, the Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program was established as part of the United States Army Art Program, utilizing teams of soldier-artists to make pictorial records of U.S. Army activities in the course of the Vietnam War for the annals of military history. The concept of the Vietnam Combat Art Program had its roots in World War II when the U.S. Congress authorized the Army to use soldier-artists to record military operations in 1944. During the Vietnam Era, the U.S. Army Chief of Military History asked Marian McNaughton, then Curator for the Army Art Collection, to develop a plan for a Vietnam soldier art program. The result was the creation in 1966 of the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Art Program under the direction of the Office of Chief of Military History and McNaughton's office. Her plan included involving the U.S. Army Arts and Crafts Program, then headed by Eugenia Nowlin. McNaughton's office relied on Nowlin and her cadre of local Army Arts and Crafts directors to solicit applications from soldiers, which were forwarded to McNaughton's office at the U.S. Army Center of Military History, where selection and team assignments were made. The U.S. Army provided logistics support as the teams of artists were sent to Vietnam and then to Hawaii. Artists interested in joining the program were asked to submit applications through the Army Arts and Crafts Program facilities nearest their unit. Applications were to contain samples of drawings, photographs of paintings and a resume. Selections were made by a committee composed of designated representatives from the Office, Chief of Military History and the Adjutant General's Office. Supervised by Army Art Curator Marian McNaughton. The program was the joint responsibility of the Office, Chief of Military History, and the Adjutant General's Office with support from the Office, Chief of information.
History
Nine Combat Artist Teams operated in Vietnam. Typically, each team consisted of five soldier artists who spent 60 days of temporary duty in Vietnam gathering information and making preliminary sketches of U.S. Army related activities. The teams then transferred to Hawaii for an additional 75 days to finish their work. Artists were given artistic freedom and encouraged to depict subjects in their own individual styles. Art created by soldier artists became a part of the U.S. Army Art Collection maintained by the U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C. On 17 March 1969, due to the widespread interest shown by soldier artists and the impact of their work throughout the Army, the official name was changed from the VIETNAM COMBAT ART PROGRAM to the ARMY ARTIST PROGRAM. Coverage was expanded to include portraying the U.S. Army worldwide.
U.S. Army soldier artist participants
List of U.S. Army Vietnam Combat Artist Team members and supervisors from 15 August 1966 – 14 January 1970..
CAT I, 15 Aug - 15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum, Robert C. Knight, Ronald E. Pepin, Paul Rickert, Felix R. Sanchez, John O. Wehrle, and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman.
CAT II, 15 Oct 1966 – 15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna, Alexander A. Bogdanovich, Theodore E. Drendel, David M. Lavender, Gary W. Porter, and supervisor, Carolyn M. O'Brien.
CAT III, 16 Feb - 17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook, Dennis O. McGee, Robert T. Myers, Kenneth J. Scowcroft, Stephen H. Sheldon, and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser.
CAT IV, 15 Aug - 31 Dec 1967, Samuel E. Alexander, Daniel T. Lopez, Burdell Moody, James R. Pollock, Ronald A. Wilson, and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas.
CAT V, 1 Nov 1967 – 15 March 1968, Warren W. Buchanan, Philip V. Garner, Phillip W. Jones, Don R. Schol, John R. Strong, and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas.
CAT VI, 1 Feb - 15 June 1968, Robert T. Coleman, David N. Fairrington, John D. Kurtz IV, Kenneth T. McDaniel, Michael P. Pala.
CAT VII, 15 Aug - 31 Dec 1968, Brian H. Clark, William E. Flaherty Jr., William C. Harrington, Barry W. Johnston, Stephen H. Randall, and supervisor, Fitzallen N. Yow.
CAT VIII, 1 Feb - 15 June 1969, Edward J. Bowen, James R. Drake, Roman Rakowsky, Victory V. Reynolds, Thomas B. Schubert, and supervisor, Fred B. Engel.
CAT IX, 1 Sept 1969 - 14 Jan 1970, David E. Graves, James S. Hardy, William R. Hoettels, Bruce N. Rigby, Craig L. Stewart, and supervisor, Edward C. Williams.
James Pollock, who in 1967 served as a soldier artist on U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artist Team IV, chronicled his experience in an essay entitled "" for "War, Literature & the Arts: An International Journal of the Humanities" published by the department of English and Fine Arts, United States Air Force Academy. In the essay Pollock wrote: "The idea of rotating teams of young soldier-artists from a variety of backgrounds and experiences through Vietnam was innovative. Soldier-artists were encouraged to freely express and interpret their individual experience in their own distinct styles. The artists responded enthusiastically to their artistic, and the resulting products were wide-ranging and comprehensive. Styles and media used were as diverse as the artists themselves, some chose detailed literal images while others preferred expressive almost abstract explosions striving to replicate the horrors of war".
Army artists after Vietnam
During the Vietnam War the army art program also used civilian artists. While the last team of soldier artists in Vietnam was Soldier Art Team 9 the Army's interest in using artists to depict army activities continued. The 1991 book "Portrait of an Army", published by U. S. Army Center of Military History and edited by General Gordon R. Sullivan and Marylou Gjernes, states "Following the Vietnam War, the Army continued to use both soldier and civilian artists. They have covered such peacetime activities as summer training for Reserve Officers' Training CorpsWest Point cadets, Army National Guard annual training, and tank gunnery training in Europe. The Army Art Collection has also acquired depictions of the Army's operations in Panama and Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM." In 2003, former Vietnam soldier-artist James Pollock gave a presentation entitled "U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Art Program" about Vietnam Era soldier artists at Mary Pickford Theater, U. S. Library of Congress at which he said: "On January 14, 1970, the members of Vietnam Combat Art Team IX, the last U.S. Army art team to set foot in Vietnam, disbanded. Like members of eight other Army soldier-artist teams before them, they left their sketchbooks and paintings of war-torn Vietnam behind and quietly returned to their respective military units scattered throughout the world or were re-assigned. Talent and chance had brought 46 young soldiers together for a common purpose: To be artists day in and day out for 120 days and to translate their personal Vietnam experiences as soldiers into art. All of the artists were exposed to the inherent dangers of being in a. While visiting units in the fields of Vietnam, they encountered difficult conditions and some had to deal with life-threatening incidents. None were wounded or killed. The post-Vietnam Era destiny of these soldier artists varied as they went on to establish and nurture families and careers. Some continued successfully as artists, some became art teachers, some laid down their paint brushes and found careers outside the field of art. Some have died, and the whereabouts of others is unknown".
Public showings
From September 2010 to March 2011, the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, PA hosted an exhibit entitled "Art of the American Soldier" featuring more than 300 works from the army art collection, one of the first times that the Army Art from the Army Art Program has been put on display en masse. In June 2015, South Dakota Public Broadcasting combat artist James Pollock about his experiences in the Vietnam Combat Art Program. In September 2017, South Dakota Public Broadcasting produced a video about the Vietnam Combat Artists Program entitled "" as part of their project produced to accompany the broadcast of Ken Burns' "The Vietnam War" series.
Art Gallery (All Images Courtesy of the National Museum of the U.S. Army">National Museum of the United States Army">National Museum of the U.S. Army)
