Vietnamese calligraphy relates to the calligraphic traditions of Vietnam. It includes calligraphic works using a variety of scripts, including Chinese characters, Chữ nôm, and the Latin-based Quốc ngữ. Historically, calligraphers used the former two scripts. However, due to the adoption of the Latin-based Quốc ngữ, modern Vietnamese calligraphy also uses Roman script. Traditional Vietnamese calligraphy is strongly affected by that of China. As part of the East Asian cultural sphere, Classical Chinese was often used as the written medium of communication, and as a result, Vietnamese calligraphy also follows Chinese calligraphy’s standard and uses Han script in many of its writings. For example, during the Lý dynasty, its style was very similar to China’s Tang dynasty. During the Trần dynasty, it was influenced strongly by China’s Song and Yuan dynasties. Nonetheless, over time, Vietnam developed its own styles of calligraphy for writing both Classical Chinese and Chữ nôm. In the later Lê dynasty, Vietnam developed a unique style of calligraphy called "Nam tự" by Phạm Đình Hổ in his book Vũ Trung Tùy Bút. It was first used in bureaucracy only but later became popular for all writing purposes. It was also called "Lệnh Thư" in Việt Sử Toát Yếu because of its initial bureaucratic characteristic. In modern times, calligraphy has been done frequently in the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabetQuốc Ngữ script, as Chữ Nôm and Chinese characters have largely fallen out of use. Quốc Ngữ calligraphy gained popularity during the New Poetry and Free Poetry Movements, due to the increasing popularity of using the Vietnamese vernacular, as well as influence from French literature. Modern Vietnamese calligraphy is undoubtedly influenced by modern Latin cursive but is written using the calligraphy brush, rather than quill or reed pens as is done in Western calligraphy. Much as Chinese calligraphy is used to write poems, festive banners, signage, and so on, Vietnamese calligraphy can also serve the same purposetoday.
