Village lock-up


A village lock-up is a historic building that was once used for the temporary detention of people in England and Wales, mostly where official prisons or criminal courts were beyond easy walking distance. Lockups were often used for the confinement of drunks, who were usually released the next day, or to hold people being brought before the local magistrate. Its archetypal form is a small room with a single door and a narrow slit window, grating or holes. Most feature a tiled or stone-built dome or spire as a roof and are built from brick, stone and/or timber.
Such a room was built in many shapes; many are round which gives rise to a sub-description the punishment or village round-house. They were usually freestanding but many find themselves attached to walls, tall pillar/tower village crosses or incorporated into other buildings. Varying in architectural strength and ornamentation, they were all built to perform the same function.

Nicknames and forms

They have acquired local nicknames and descriptions including blind-house, bone-house, bridewell, village cage, punishment cage, jug, kitty, lobby, guard-house, round-house/roundhouse, tower and watch-house.

Rise of the village lock-up

The majority of surviving village lock-ups date from the 18th and 19th centuries when rural communities struggled to police thefts, burglaries, shootings, drunkenness, the obstruction of watchmen and the stealing of livestock. During this period a number of lock-ups were built as a temporary place of detention for local rogues and miscreants until they could be removed to a town. Over time they became synonymous with drunkenness and many references to this coupling can be found in famous works of literature, including Barnaby Rudge by Charles Dickens, and The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby by Charles Kingsley, which contains the following line:

An 1830 description of a lock-up in Taunton describes "... a hole into which drunken and bleeding men were thrust and allowed to remain until the following day when the constable with his staff of office take the poor, crippled and dirty wretches before a magistrate, followed by half the boys and idle fellows of the town."
Some lock-ups also had stocks, ducking stools, pillories, or pinfolds alongside them and the origins of the 18th-century village lock-up evolved from much earlier examples of holding cells and devices.
The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, refers to a round-house as a place of detention for arrested persons and dates its first written usage to 1589.

Decline and later uses

The rooms fell out of use when the County Police Act was introduced in 1839 and more stations were built with their own holding facilities. The Act allowed Justices of the Peace to set up a paid police force in each county and made it compulsory for that force to be provided with proper police stations and secure cells. The village lock-up became a redundant edifice as a result and only a small fraction have survived.
During World War II many were used by the Home Guard as sentry posts and arms stores.
In recent decades many owners have repaired these structures and/or seen nomination as listed buildings; a presumption of acceptance applies to buildings earlier than 1840. Some are local heritage attractions; others are in a ruinous state; others have been converted into parts of homes, yards or gardens.
A register of these structures including those which have been lost, is held by the Village Lock-up Association.

Notable village lock-ups

The crest of Everton Football Club features Everton Lock-Up which still stands on Everton Brow, Liverpool.
D. H. Lawrence and his German-born wife Frieda had to report to the lock-up in Wirksworth during the First World War when they lived at Middleton-by-Wirksworth.
The roof of Castle Cary lock-up is reputed to have inspired the design of the modern British police helmet.
In 1281 an analogous building was erected in Cornhill, central London – a two-storey barrel shaped design with a single cell on each floor.

Surviving lock-ups in England and Wales

England

;Bedfordshire
Barton-le-Clay, Clophill, Harrold, Silsoe
;Berkshire
Aldermaston, Pangbourne
;Bristol
Westbury-on-Trym
;Buckinghamshire
Amersham, Great Missenden, Wendover, West Wycombe
;Cambridgeshire
Broughton, Burwell, Coveney, Eaton Socon, Fen Drayton, Fenstanton, Litlington, Needingworth, Parson Drove, Sawtry
;Cheshire
Farndon, Farnworth, Kelsall, Winsford
;Cumbria
Lower Allithwaite
;Derbyshire
Alfreton, Ashbourne?, Curbar, Cromford, Sandiacre, Smisby, Swarkestone, Ticknall, Wirksworth
;Dorset
Gillingham, Lyme Regis, Swanage
;Durham
Barnard Castle, Staindrop
;East Sussex
Pevensey
;Essex
Bradwell on Sea, Braintree, Canewdon, Great Bardfield, Great Dunmow, Orsett, Steeple Bumpstead, Thaxted, Tollesbury
;Gloucestershire
Bisley, Bibury, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stroud, Thornbury, Westerleigh
;Greater London
Cranford,, Hampstead, Petersham
;Hampshire
Easton, Odiham
;Herefordshire
Bridstow, Leintwardine, Yarpole
;Hertfordshire
Anstey, Ashwell, Barley, Buntingford, Shenley
;Kent
Dartford, Lenham, Wateringbury
;Lancashire
Bury, North Meols, Poulton le Fylde?, Prescot
;Leicestershire
Barrow-upon-Soar, Breedon-on-the-Hill, Castle Donington?, Packington, Worthington
;Lincolnshire
Deeping St James, Digby
;Merseyside
Everton, Wavertree
;Norfolk
Docking, Great Yarmouth, Thetford?
;Northamptonshire
Weldon
;Northumberland
Stamfordham
;Nottinghamshire
Edwinstowe?, Mansfield Woodhouse?, Tuxford
;Oxfordshire
Banbury, Bicester, Burford, Filkins, Stonesfield, Wheatley
;Shropshire
Prees
;Somerset
Bathford, Buckland Dinham, Castle Cary, Frome, Kelston, Kilmersdon, Kingsbury Episcopi, Mells, Merriott, Monkton Combe, Nunney, Publow in Pensford, Nether Stowey, Watchett, Wells, Wrington
;Staffordshire
Alton, Gnosall, Penkridge, Stafford: Forebridge
;Suffolk
Sproughton, Stoke by Nayland, Woolpit
;Sussex
East Grinstead
;Surrey
Charlwood, Ewell, Lingfield
;Wiltshire
Box, Bradford on Avon, Bromham, Chippenham, Devizes, Great Bedwyn, Heytesbury, Hilperton, Lacock, Luckington, Shrewton, Steeple Ashton, Trowbridge, Warminster
;Yorkshire
Addingham?, Illingworth, Heptonstall, Holmfirth, Hunmanby, Workhouse Farm of Holme upon Spalding Moor Horbury in Wakefield, Kirkheaton, Luddenden, Nether Poppleton?, North Stainley?, Oswaldkirk, Rastrick, Rotherham, Seamer, Snaith, Topcliffe?, Wath-upon-Dearne

Wales

;Flintshire
Bagillt?, Hawarden
;Gwynedd
Barmouth, Clynnog Fawr
;Wrexham
Ruabon
;Notes

Gallery