Viscous liquid


In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the terms viscous liquid, supercooled liquid, and glassforming liquid are often used interchangeably to designate liquids that are at the same time highly viscous, can be or are supercooled, and able to form a glass.

Working points in glass processing

The mechanical properties of glass-forming liquids depend primarily on the viscosity. Therefore, the following working points are defined in terms of viscosity. The temperature is indicated for industrial soda lime glass:
designationviscosity temperature
melting point1011300
working point103950-1000
sink point103.22
flow point104~900
softening point 106.6600
softening point ~1010.3>~500
annealing point~1012<~500
transition point1012..1012.6<~500
strain point~1013.5<~500

Fragile-strong classification

In a widespread classification, due to chemist Austen Angell, a glass-forming liquid is called strong if its viscosity approximately obeys an Arrhenius law. In the opposite case of clearly non-Arrhenius behaviour the liquid is called fragile. This classification has no direct relation with the common usage of the word "fragility" to mean brittleness.
Viscous flow in amorphous materials is characterised by deviations from the Arrhenius-type behaviour: the activation energy of viscosity Q changes from a high value QH at low temperatures to a low value QL at high temperatures. Amorphous materials are classified accordingly to the deviation from Arrhenius type behaviour of their viscosities as either strong when or fragile when QH-QL≥QL. The fragility of amorphous materials is numerically characterized by the Doremus’ fragility ratio RD=QH/QL. Strong melts are those with < 1, whereas fragile melts are those with ≥ 1. Fragility is related to materials bond breaking processes caused by thermal fluctuations. Bond breaking modifies the properties of an amorphous material so that the higher the concentration of broken bonds termed configurons the lower the viscosity. Materials with a higher enthalpy of configuron formation compared with their enthalpy of motion have a higher Doremus fragility ratio, conversely melts with a relatively lower enthalpy of configuron formation have a lower fragility.
More recently, the fragility has been quantitatively related to the details of the interatomic or intermolecular potential, e.g. via the Krausser-Samwer-Zaccone equation, and it has been shown that steeper interatomic potentials lead to more fragile liquids.

Mode-coupling theory

The microscopic dynamics at low to moderate viscosities is addressed by a mode-coupling theory, developed by Wolfgang Götze and collaborators since the 1980s. This theory describes a slowing down of structural relaxation on cooling towards a critical temperature Tc, typically located 20% above Tg.

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