In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies voicing and that voicelessness is the lack of phonation. The International Phonetic Alphabet has distinct letters for many voiceless and modally voiced pairs of consonants, such as. Also, there are diacritics for voicelessness, and, which is used for letters with a descender. Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiced sounds, such as vowels and sonorant consonants:.
Voiceless vowels and other sonorants
s are sounds such as vowels and nasals that are voiced in most of the world's languages. However, in some languages sonorants may be voiceless, usually allophonically. For example, the Japanese word sukiyaki is pronounced and may sound like to an English speaker, but the lips can be seen to compress for the. Something similar happens in English words like peculiar and potato. Voiceless vowels are also an areal feature in languages of the American Southwest, the Great Basin, and the Great Plains, where they are present in Numic Comanche but also in AlgonquianCheyenne, and the Caddoan languageArikara. Sonorants may also be contrastively, not just environmentally, voiceless. Standard Tibetan, for example, has a voiceless in Lhasa, which sounds similar to but is less noisy than the voiceless lateral fricative in Welsh; it contrasts with a modally voiced. Welsh contrasts several voiceless sonorants:,,, and, the last represented by "rh". In Moksha, there is even a voiceless palatal approximant along with and . The last two have palatalized counterparts and . Kildin Sami has also . Contrastively voiceless vowels have been reported several times without ever being verified.
Lack of voicing contrast in obstruents
Many languages lack a distinction between voiced and voiceless obstruents. This is the case in nearly all Dravidian languages and Australian languages, and is widespread elsewhere, for example in Mandarin Chinese, Korean, Finnish, and the Polynesian languages. In many such languages, obstruents are realized as voiced in voiced environments, such as between vowels or between a vowel and a nasal, and voiceless elsewhere, such as at the beginning or end of the word or next to another obstruent. That is the case in Dravidian and Australian languages and in Korean but not in Mandarin or Polynesian. Usually, the variable sounds are transcribed with the voiceless IPA letters, but for Australian languages, the letters for voiced consonants are often used. It appears that voicelessness is not a single phenomenon in such languages. In some, such as the Polynesian languages, the vocal folds are required to actively open to allow an unimpeded airstream, which is sometimes called a breathed phonation. In others, such as many Australian languages, voicing ceases during the hold of a stop because airflow is insufficient to sustain it, and if the vocal folds open, that is only from passive relaxation. Thus, Polynesian stops are reported to be held for longer than Australian stops and are seldom voiced, but Australian stops are prone to having voiced variants, and the languages are often represented as having no phonemically voiceless consonants at all. In Southeast Asia, when stops occur at the end of a word they are voiceless because the glottis is closed, not open, so they are said to be unphonated by some phoneticians, who considered "breathed" voicelessness to be a phonation.
Bilabial
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Stop
Nasal
Lateral
Rhotic
Semivowel
Yidiny consonants, with no underlyingly voiceless consonants, are posited.
