Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were one of the highest ranking officials who could sit in the Senate of Poland. They were the officials in charge of the voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The office first appears as Palatine who held the foremost position after the King. As Poland broke up into separate principalities, each Prince had his court and his own Palatine. When the Kingdom was consolidated, the Palatines became heads of those former Principalities, which then became Palatinates. As such, the Palatines were members of the King's Council. The title merged with the Polish Voivode or Wojewoda. The difference between Voivode and Duke is that whereas the Duke began as a rank by appointment of the Monarch and later became a hereditary title of honour, the Voivode was appointed for life and maintained real authority as an official—before the Voivodes, too, lost significance to the Starostas. Polish historians, however, use Palatine and Voivode synonymously.
Powers
The powers of voivodes varied, as determined by historical precedent specific to each voivodeship. The least powerful of whom were in Halych Ruthenia, and the most powerful of whom were vassals answerable to the king alone, in Royal Prussia. Those powers changed over time as well.The office of the voivode was created in the Kingdom of Poland under Piasts, and spread from the Crown of the Polish Kingdom to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after 1569 where the officeholder became an overseer of his voivodeship, over its administration; however, the effectiveness and real authority of this office declined, so that in the Kingdom of Poland under Jagiellons it was much reduced in significance.
In the field of the military, the voivodeship retained only the role of the leader of a pospolite ruszenie. Administrative powers were limited to the role of Marshal of the Sejmik, but even that had disappeared by the time of the Commonwealth. The voivode's control over the cities was mostly honorific, as formally that function was the power of the starost. One of the few powers that voivodes retained throughout history was the power to set and enforce prices.
Voivodes of Cracow, Poznań, Vilnius, Trakai, Sandomierz, and Kalisz held the keys to the Crown Treasury on Wawel.
Voivodes were appointed by the king until 1775, when the power to appoint them devolved to the Permanent Council. The exceptions to this rule were the voivodes of Połock and Vilnius, who were elected by the szlachta from their respective lands. Like all officials in the Commonwealth, only members of the szlachta were eligible to hold an official post.
After 1565, the principle of incompatibilitas precluded voivodes and castellans from holding a second title as a minister—except for the post of hetman—as well as the other voivode of starosta grodowy in his own voivodeship.
In the Commonwealth, where the nobility forbade the use of foreign honorary hereditary titles, lifetime titles connected with offices were still considered legal to use. Also the wives and children of a dignitary enjoyed their own forms of his title. Therefore, even though the powers of the voivode were relatively small, it was a prestigious position much coveted by the nobles. Thus the palatinal families are one of the highest rank among today's Polish aristocracy, next in rank below hereditary Princes.
Although many individual voivodes had significant power in the Commonwealth, it was not by virtue of their title, but owing to their wealth and influence, which eventually secured them the prestigious title of the voivode. Thus it is not the title that earned the title.
List
Even when a voivodeship ceased to exist after borders shifted, the office remained intact and the voivode preserved his privileges, such as the right to sit and vote in the Senate. Thus the number of voivodes increased in time, from 32 after the creation of the Commonwealth in 1569 to 37 by the time of its end in 1795.This is a list of the voivodes’ precedence sitting in the Senate of Poland. They took their seats after the bishops, as the first secular officials, although in practice their power was less than that of Ministers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Note that among them sat three distinguished castellans : Castellan of Kraków, Castellan of Vilnius and Castellan of Troki. There was also one starost who sat after the Voivode of Łęczyca.
For a chronological list of specific office holders, see the specific articles below.
- Voivode of Kraków. Seat: Kraków.
- Voivode of Poznań. Seat: Poznań.
- Voivode of Vilnius . Seat: Vilnius.
- Voivode of Sandomierz. Seat: Sandomierz.
- Voivode of Kalisz. Seat: Kalisz.
- Voivode of Trakai. Seat: Trakai.
- Voivode of Sieradz. Seat: Sieradz.
- Voivode of Łęczyca. Seat: Łęczyca.
- Voivode of Brześć Kujawski. Seat: Brześć Kujawski.
- Voivode of Kijów . Seat: Kijów.
- Voivode of Inowrocław. Seat: Inowrocław.
- Voivode of Ruś . Seat: Lwów.
- Voivode of Wołyń. Seat: Łuck.
- Voivode of Podole. Seat: Kamieniec Podolski.
- Voivode of Smoleńsk. Seat: Smoleńsk. Notes: province lost in the 1650s, titular office only afterwards.
- Voivode of Lublin. Seat: Lublin.
- Voivode of Połock. Seat: Połock.
- Voivode of Bełsk . Seat: Bełsk.
- Voivode of Nowogródek. Seat: Nowogródek.
- Voivode of Płock. Seat: Płock.
- Voivode of Witebsk. Seat: Witebsk.
- Voivode of Masovia. Seat: Warsaw.
- Voivode of Podlaskie. Seat: Drohiczyn.
- Voivode of Rawa. Seat: Rawa Mazowiecka.
- Voivode of Brześć Litewski.
- Voivode of Chełmno. Seat: Chełmno.
- Voivode of Mścisław. Seat: Mścisław.
- Voivode of Malbork. Seat: Malbork.
- Voivode of Bracław. Seat: Bracław.
- Voivode of Pomerania. Seat: Gdańsk.
- Voivode of Mińsk. Seat: Mińsk.
- Voivode of Inflanty . Seat: Dyneburg.
- Voivode of Wenden. Seat: Wenden.
- Voivode of Parnawa. Seat: Parnawa.
- Voivode of Dorpat. Seat: Dorpat.
- Voivode of Czernihów. Seat: Czernihów.
- Voivode of Gniezno. Seat: Gniezno. Notes: Created in 1768 from the remains of Kalisz Voivodeship after the First Partition. See Gniezno Voivodeship