Vympel
Spetsgruppa "V", often referred to as Vympel, but also known as KGB Directorate "V" , Vega Group is a Russian spetsnaz unit, under the command of the FSB.
Vympel is the sister unit of Spetsgruppa "A", a KGB/FSB unit.
Origins
KUOS
As most of the training in the KGB academy concentrated on plainclothes operational work focused on espionage and counter-espionage, in 1955 the First Chief Directorate of the service established the Development Courses for Officer Personnel - a training cadre with the purpose of training general duty KGB officers in irregular warfare and combat tactics for clandestine operations overseas or as a stay-behind cadre and backbone for the formation of partisan units in case of a foreign invasion. In 1966 these courses were taken out of the structure of the First Chief Directorate and co-located as an independent training center together with the training center of the Soviet Border Troops in Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast. The KUOS graduates had their baptism by fire during the Prague Spring in 1968. A year later the KUOS was absorbed into the KGB Academy as part of the students' curriculum - initially a three-month course. In 1970 the KUOS relocated again to Balashikha, the position of the director was promoted from a KGB Major / Captain 2nd Rank to a KGB Colonel / Captain 1st Rank and the duration of the training increased to seven months.Zenyth
The main purpose of the KUOS center was the regular and irregular combat training of KGB Academy cadets as part of the establishment's curriculum. The secondary purpose was in case of a rising tension in a specific region to generate a tailored task group out of the cadets currently in an advanced stage of their training. Such example is the "Operation Storm-333" , which gained a legendary status in Russia. From the cadre of KUOS the Special Operations Task Group "Zenyth" was formed to take part in the liquidation of the Afghan leader Hafizullah Amin alongside the :ru:Гром |"Grom" Team of the KGB's Alpha Group. The "Zenyth" Task Group was headed personally by the director of KUOS Colonel Grigoriy Boyarinov. Since Hafizullah Amin came to power by ordering the assassination of his predecessor Nur Muhammad Taraki and fearing he would be ousted from power the same way he asked the Soviet government to provide his protective detail. The combined KGB "Grom" and "Zenyth" contingent was deployed in that role, wearing Afghan army uniforms without identification. Later, when the Soviet leadership re-evaluated the situation and ordered a military intervention the dual characteristics of those KGB officers as intelligence operatives with advanced combat training and their location within the Presidential Palace made them ideal to both gather intel on the actions of the Afghan leadership and spearhead the assault on the residence, opening the way for the "Muslim Battalion" of the GRU Spetsnaz. Col. Boyarinov was killed in the fighting along with 5 operatives of "Grom" and "Zenyth". "Storm-333" is a rare example of KGB Spetsnaz and GRU Spetsnaz operating in concert.Kaskad and Omega
After the full-sized invasion of Soviet forces within the Afghan People's Republic in July 1980 the KGB ordered the KUOS to form another special operations task force - "Kaskad". From July 1980 until April 1983 the "Kaskad" made four tours to Afghanistan in different composition and with different duration, so the four task forces are known simply as "Kaskad-1", "Kaskad-2", "Kaskad-3" and "Kaskad-4". Unlike the CIA the KGB operated both in intelligence and counter-intelligence capacities, so in contrast to the "Zenyth" Task Group, which was tailored to a specific operation and concentrated on intelligence gathering, the "Kaskad" Task Groups were organised to provide support to the KGB counter intelligence operatives in theater, suppressing covert activities in the towns and hunting down agents cross-country. In addition those task groups had the mission to select, train and mentor groups of Afghans which would take over their duties once the "Kaskad" is brought back to the Soviet Union and dissolved. In April 1983 the "Kaskad-4" was relieved by the "Omega" Special Operations Task Group with the same tasks as the Kaskad teams. The name of the task force indicated it to be the last unit of that sort to be deployed to Afghanistan. "Omega" was composed of 9 mobile special operations task groups. This task group concluded the building of local Afghan capabilities within the Afghan Counter-Intelligence Service KAM and its Special Operations Tasks Battalion to take over the responsibilities of the KGB assets deployed on site.Formation
"Vympel" follows the lineage of "Zenyth", "Kaskad" and "Omega" combined. On August 19, 1981 at a classified meeting the Soviet government made the decision for a permanent Special Operations Task Group within the KGB's First Chief Directorate. The new group was formed around the cadre of "Zenith", "Kaskad-1" and "Kaskad-2" in order to retain the proficiency level of the operatives and to retain the lessons learned in the process of fighting irregular warfare in Afghanistan.The founding commander of "Vympel" is Captain 1st Rank Ewald Kozlov, a graduate of the Baku Naval Officer School, with a service career in the Northern Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla. In 1968 he entered the Soviet Military Academy and the Military Diplomatic Academy after that, graduating in 1970. Right after that Kozlov transferred from the Soviet Armed Forces to the KGB, entering the First Chief Directorate's Department "S". In 1972 he became an instructor at the KUOS. In 1979 he deployed with "Zenyth" to Afghanistan. Upon his return to the Soviet Union he headed the KUOS, a position vacated by the death of Col. Boyarinov in Operation Storm-333. Named "Vympel"'s first commander, he was replaced in 1985 and promoted to the Headquarters of First Chief Directorate.
With its formation the "Vympel" Special Operations Task Group was put under the command of First Chief Directorate's Department "S" - the KGB's overseas clandestine service under the covert name "Independent Training Center". The new unit's mission statement was ordered as follows:
- intelligence gathering deep within the enemy's rear
- HUMINT
- diversion and assault in strategic locations of the enemy
- seizure of enemy surface vessels and submarines
- security of Soviet diplomatic locations overseas
- combat against terror organisations and other tasks.
Vympel quickly gained the reputation of being among the best Soviet special forces units, surpassing its GRU and MVD counterparts. However, after the collapse of the USSR, Vympel was decimated by endless re-organisation and re-definition. It passed under the aegis of the Security Ministry before being receded to the GUO and finally passed to the MVD. However, the militsiya had no use for such a unit. The bulk of the Vympel operatives could not stand the humiliation of being subordinated to the police, and duly resigned: of 278 officers, only 57 chose to remain within the MVD. The unit was renamed "Vega."
In 1995, the FSB RF Special Operations Center was granted control over Vympel. The group regained its original name and was reintegrated into the Intelligence Service structures. The emphasis shifted from covert and clandestine sabotage operations to counter-terrorism and nuclear safety enforcement. Vympel operatives undergo special training related to improvised or special explosive devices, permitting them to use "terrorist-like" tactics to carry out their operations. Physical training includes close hand combat, parachute training, diving, underwater combat techniques, climbing, and alpine rope techniques. Regional groups of Vympel were deployed in cities with especially important nuclear facilities.
Vympel, abbreviation of the Directorate в of the TsSN FSB of the Russian Federation, is still a classified and secretive unit. It took part in Russia's Chechen campaigns and in storming of the Supreme Soviet building during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. Little is known about its current operations and activities, with the exception being the capture of the Chechen militant leader Salman Raduyev in March 2000 and the assault on the school in Beslan in September 2004.