Lancaster was born in 1938, the son of Sir Osbert Lancaster and his first wife Karen Elizabeth Harris. He was schooled at Eton College. Together with his wife Fidelity, Lancaster has studied various tribes, communities and regions in the Arab world since 1971. The couple have worked in Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Lancaster's 1981 publication The Rwala Bedouin Today has been called "one of the best modern ethnographies on Middle Eastern ethnic groups" and a "highly regarded, unromanticized account of Bedouin life". Lancaster and his family lived with the Rwala tribe of the Anazah confederacy in Eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia for several years while gathering data for the book. Between 1991 and 1994 Lancaster was Director of the British Institute at Amman for Archaeology and History at Amman in Jordan. He was recently editor of Nomadic Peoples, the journal of the Commission on Nomadic Peoples. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1993. When not undertaking anthropological fieldwork in the Middle East, Lancaster lives with his family at Lyness on the island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands, off the northern coast of Scotland.
1982 "The Logic of the Rwala Response to Change" in Studies in Third World Societies No 18: Papers from IUAES Intercongress, Commission on Nomadic Peoples in Amsterdam 1981 Edited by Philip C. Salzman
Co-authored with Fidelity Lancaster
1986 "The Concept of Territory among the Rwala Bedouin" Nomadic Peoples 20: 41–48
1987 "The Function of Peripatetics in Rwala Bedouin Scoiety" in Rao, A. The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective 311–321
1988 "Thoughts on the Bedouinisation of Arabia" Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 18: 51–62
1990 "Modern ar-Risha: A Permanent Address" in Helms, Svend, Early Islamic Architecture of the Desert: A Bedouin Station in Eastern Jordan Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
1990 "Desert devices: the pastoral system of the Rwala Bedu" in J.G. Galaty and D.L. Johnson, eds. The world of pastoralism: herding systems in comparative perspective New York, Guilford Press; London, Belhaven Press, 177–194
1991 "Limitations on sheep and goat herding in the Eastern Badia of Jordan: an ethno-archaeological enquiry" Levant 23: 125–138
1993 "Graves and funerary monuments of the Ahl al-Ǧabal, Jordan" Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 4/3: 151–169
1993 "Sécheresse et stratégies de reconversion économique chez le bédouins de Jordanie" in R. Bocco, R. Jaubert and F. Metral, eds. Steppes d'Arabie, États, pasteurs, agriculteurs et commerçants: le devenir des zones sèches Geneva, Cahiers de l'IUED
1995 "Nomadic Fishermen of Ja'alan" Nomadic Peoples 36/37: 227–243
1997 "Indigenous resource management systems in the Bâdia of the Bilâd ash-Shâm" Journal of Arid Environments 35/2: 367–378
1998 "Who are these nomads? What do they do? Continuous Change or Changing Continuities?" in Jinat, Joseph and Khazanov, Anatoly M., eds, Changing Nomads in a Changing World Brighton 24–38
1999 People, land and water in the Arab Middle East: environments and landscapes in the Bilâd ash-Shâm Co-authored with Fidelity Lancaster Harwood Academic Publishers
1999 "On the nature of power in the works of Orientalist scholars and its contribution to a history of Bedouin society and nomad-sedentary relations at the Bilâd ash-Shâm" in Chatelard, G. and Tarawneh, M. Antonin Jaussen. Sciences sociale occidentales et patrimoine Arab'' Beirut: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Moyen-Orient Contemporain, 143–178
